Ruth — Chapter 1

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1Now it came to pass in the days when the judges ruled, that there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Bethlehemjudah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.

2And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehemjudah. And they came into the country of Moab, and continued there.

3And Elimelech Naomi’s husband died; and she was left, and her two sons.

4And they took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they dwelled there about ten years.

5And Mahlon and Chilion died also both of them; and the woman was left of her two sons and her husband.

6Then she arose with her daughters in law, that she might return from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how that the LORD had visited his people in giving them bread.

7Wherefore she went forth out of the place where she was, and her two daughters in law with her; and they went on the way to return unto the land of Judah.

8And Naomi said unto her two daughters in law, Go, return each to her mother’s house: the LORD deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead, and with me.

9The LORD grant you that ye may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband. Then she kissed them; and they lifted up their voice, and wept.

10And they said unto her, Surely we will return with thee unto thy people.

11And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters: why will ye go with me? are there yet any more sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands?

12Turn again, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have an husband. If I should say, I have hope, if I should have an husband also to night, and should also bear sons;

13Would ye tarry for them till they were grown? would ye stay for them from having husbands? nay, my daughters; for it grieveth me much for your sakes that the hand of the LORD is gone out against me.

14And they lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed her mother in law; but Ruth clave unto her.

15And she said, Behold, thy sister in law is gone back unto her people, and unto her gods: return thou after thy sister in law.

16And Ruth said, Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God:

17Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the LORD do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part thee and me.

18When she saw that she was stedfastly minded to go with her, then she left speaking unto her.

19So they two went until they came to Bethlehem. And it came to pass, when they were come to Bethlehem, that all the city was moved about them, and they said, Is this Naomi?

20And she said unto them, Call me not Naomi, call me Mara: for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me.

21I went out full, and the LORD hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the LORD hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?

22So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter in law, with her, which returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

1And it came to pass in the days when the judges judged, that there was a famine in the land. And a certain man of Bethlehem-judah went to sojourn in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.

2And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem-judah. And they came into the country of Moab, and continued there.

3And Elimelech, Naomi`s husband, died; and she was left, and her two sons.

4And they took them wives of the women of Moab; the name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other Ruth: and they dwelt there about ten years.

5And Mahlon and Chilion died both of them; and the woman was left of her two children and of her husband.

6Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab: for she had heard in the country of Moab how that Jehovah had visited his people in giving them bread.

7And she went forth out of the place where she was, and her two daughters-in-law with her; and they went on the way to return unto the land of Judah.

8And Naomi said unto her two daughters-in-law, Go, return each of you to her mother`s house: Jehovah deal kindly with you, as ye have dealt with the dead, and with me.

9Jehovah grant you that ye may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband. Then she kissed them, and they lifted up their voice, and wept.

10And they said unto her, Nay, but we will return with thee unto thy people.

11And Naomi said, Turn again, my daughters: why will ye go with me? have I yet sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands?

12Turn again, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have a husband. If I should say, I have hope, if I should even have a husband to-night, and should also bear sons;

13would ye therefore tarry till they were grown? would ye therefore stay from having husbands? nay, my daughters, for it grieveth me much for your sakes, for the hand of Jehovah is gone forth against me.

14And they lifted up their voice, and wept again: and Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth clave unto her.

15And she said, Behold, thy sister-in-law is gone back unto her people, and unto her god: return thou after thy sister-in-law.

16And Ruth said, Entreat me not to leave thee, and to return from following after thee, for whither thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God;

17where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: Jehovah do so to me, and more also, if aught but death part thee and me.

18And when she saw that she was stedfastly minded to go with her, she left off speaking unto her.

19So they two went until they came to Bethlehem. And it came to pass, when they were come to Bethlehem, that all the city was moved about them, and [the women] said, Is this Naomi?

20And she said unto them, Call me not Naomi, call me Mara; for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me.

21I went out full, and Jehovah hath brought me home again empty; why call ye me Naomi, seeing Jehovah hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?

22So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

1During the time of the judges, there was a famine in the land of Judah. So a man from Bethlehem in Judah went to live as a resident foreigner in the region of Moab, along with his wife and two sons.

2(Now the man’s name was Elimelech, his wife was Naomi, and his two sons were Mahlon and Kilion. They were of the clan of Ephrath from Bethlehem in Judah.) They entered the region of Moab and settled there.

3Sometime later Naomi’s husband Elimelech died, so she and her two sons were left alone.

4Both her sons married Moabite women. (One was named Orpah and the other Ruth.) And they continued to live there about 10 years.

5Then Naomi’s two sons, Mahlon and Kilion, also died. So the woman was left all alone—bereaved of her two children as well as her husband!

6So she decided to return home from the region of Moab, accompanied by her daughters-in-law, because while she was living in Moab she had heard that the Lord had shown concern for his people, reversing the famine by providing abundant crops.

7Now as she and her two daughters-in-law began to leave the place where she had been living to return to the land of Judah,

8Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, “Listen to me! Each of you should return to your mother’s home. May the Lord show you the same kind of devotion that you have shown to your deceased husbands and to me.

9May the Lord enable each of you to find security in the home of a new husband.” Then she kissed them goodbye, and they wept loudly.

10But they said to her, “No! We will return with you to your people.”

11But Naomi replied, “Go back home, my daughters! There is no reason for you to return to Judah with me. I am no longer capable of giving birth to sons who might become your husbands!

12Go back home, my daughters! For I am too old to get married again. Even if I thought that there was hope that I could get married tonight and conceive sons,

13surely you would not want to wait until they were old enough to marry. Surely you would not remain unmarried all that time! No, my daughters, you must not return with me. For my intense suffering is too much for you to bear. For the Lord is afflicting me!”

14Again they wept loudly. Then Orpah kissed her mother-in-law goodbye, but Ruth clung tightly to her.

15So Naomi said, “Look, your sister-in-law is returning to her people and to her god. Follow your sister-in-law back home!”

16But Ruth replied, “Stop urging me to abandon you! For wherever you go, I will go. Wherever you live, I will live. Your people will become my people, and your God will become my God.

17Wherever you die, I will die—and there I will be buried. May the Lord punish me severely if I do not keep my promise! Only death will be able to separate me from you!”

18When Naomi realized that Ruth was determined to go with her, she stopped trying to dissuade her.

19So the two of them journeyed together until they arrived in Bethlehem.When they entered Bethlehem, the whole village was excited about their arrival. The women of the village said, “Can this be Naomi?”

20But she replied to them, “Don’t call me ‘Naomi’! Call me ‘Mara’ because the Sovereign One has treated me very harshly.

21I left here full, but the Lord has caused me to return empty-handed. Why do you call me ‘Naomi,’ seeing that the Lord has opposed me, and the Sovereign One has caused me to suffer?”

22So Naomi returned, accompanied by her Moabite daughter-in-law Ruth, who came back with her from the region of Moab. (Now they arrived in Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest.)

1In the days when the judges judged, there was a famine in the land. A certain man of Bethlehem Judah went to live in the country of Moab, he, and his wife, and his two sons.

2The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi. The names of his two sons were Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem Judah. They came into the country of Moab, and lived there.

3Elimelech, Naomi’s husband, died; and she was left with her two sons.

4They took for themselves wives of the women of Moab. The name of the one was Orpah, and the name of the other was Ruth. They lived there about ten years.

5Mahlon and Chilion both died, and the woman was bereaved of her two children and of her husband.

6Then she arose with her daughters-in-law, that she might return from the country of Moab; for she had heard in the country of Moab how Yahweh had visited his people in giving them bread.

7She went out of the place where she was, and her two daughters-in-law with her. They went on the way to return to the land of Judah.

8Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, “Go, return each of you to her mother’s house. May Yahweh deal kindly with you, as you have dealt with the dead, and with me.

9May Yahweh grant you that you may find rest, each of you in the house of her husband.” Then she kissed them, and they lifted up their voices, and wept.

10They said to her, “No, but we will return with you to your people.”

11Naomi said, “Go back, my daughters. Why do you want to go with me? Do I still have sons in my womb, that they may be your husbands?

12Go back, my daughters, go your way; for I am too old to have a husband. If I should say, ‘I have hope,’ if I should even have a husband tonight, and should also bear sons;

13would you then wait until they were grown? Would you then refrain from having husbands? No, my daughters, for it grieves me seriously for your sakes, for Yahweh’s hand has gone out against me.”

14They lifted up their voices, and wept again; then Orpah kissed her mother-in-law, but Ruth joined with her.

15She said, “Behold, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people, and to her god. Follow your sister-in-law.”

16Ruth said, “Don’t urge me to leave you, and to return from following you, for where you go, I will go; and where you stay, I will stay. Your people will be my people, and your God my God.

17Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. May Yahweh do so to me, and more also, if anything but death parts you and me.”

18When she saw that she was determined to go with her, she stopped urging her.

19So they both went until they came to Bethlehem. When they had come to Bethlehem, all the city was excited about them, and they asked, “Is this Naomi?”

20She said to them, “Don’t call me Naomi. Call me Mara; for the Almighty has dealt very bitterly with me.

21I went out full, and Yahweh has brought me home again empty. Why do you call me Naomi, since Yahweh has testified against me, and the Almighty has afflicted me?”

22So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab. They came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

Naomi loses her husband and two sons in Moab; Ruth refuses to leave her, declaring "thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God." They return to Bethlehem destitute at the beginning of barley harvest.

Authorship & Background

Author: Unknown, traditionally attributed to Samuel. Ruth is set 'in the days when the judges ruled' (1:1) but provides a beautiful contrast to the moral chaos of Judges. While Judges ends with 'every man did that which was right in his own eyes,' Ruth shows ordinary people living faithfully in dark times. The book demonstrates God's providence, the kinsman-redeemer (go'el) concept, and the inclusion of Gentiles in God's plan. Ruth, a Moabite woman, becomes the great-grandmother of David and an ancestor of Christ (Matthew 1:5).
Historical Context: Chapter 1 opens with famine in Bethlehem — whose name ironically means "house of bread." Elimelech ("my God is king") takes his family to Moab, a nation born of Lot's incest (Genesis 19:37) and historically hostile to Israel (Numbers 22-25; Deuteronomy 23:3-6). The Moabites were excluded from the assembly of the LORD "even to their tenth generation" (Deuteronomy 23:3). Yet it is from Moab that God brings a woman into the messianic line. The chapter records cascading loss: Elimelech dies, then both sons Mahlon ("sickly") and Chilion ("wasting") die after ten years, leaving Naomi bereft of husband and children in a foreign land. The names themselves are prophetic — sickness and wasting. When Naomi hears that "the LORD had visited his people in giving them bread" (v.6), she determines to return. The journey back becomes the setting for one of Scripture's most profound declarations of loyalty and faith: Ruth's refusal to leave Naomi (vv.16-17). This is not merely human devotion — it is a Gentile woman choosing the God of Israel over the gods of Moab. Ruth's declaration is a conversion statement: "thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God." The chapter ends with arrival in Bethlehem "in the beginning of barley harvest" — a note of hope amid grief, and a detail that sets up the events of chapter 2. Naomi's request to be called "Mara" (bitter) reflects her theology: she attributes her suffering directly to God's hand. She is honest in her pain but wrong in her conclusion — God has not abandoned her. He has given her Ruth, and through Ruth, redemption is coming.
Famine and Flight to Moab (vv.1-5): "In the days when the judges ruled" places this story in the period of Israel's spiritual decline. Famine in the promised land signals covenant judgment (Deuteronomy 28:23-24; Leviticus 26:19-20). Elimelech's decision to sojourn in Moab is understandable but spiritually questionable — leaving the land of promise for a pagan nation. The family settles, the sons marry Moabite women (contrary to the spirit of Deuteronomy 7:3-4, though Moabites are not explicitly listed among the prohibited nations in that passage). Ten years pass. Then death claims all three men. Naomi is left with nothing — no husband, no sons, no grandchildren, no inheritance, no security. In the ancient world, a widow without sons was among the most vulnerable people in society.
Naomi's Urging and Orpah's Departure (vv.6-14): Naomi urges both daughters-in-law to return to their mothers' houses — not their fathers' houses, which is unusual. Perhaps their fathers were dead, or perhaps Naomi directs them to the comfort of their mothers. Her blessing is generous: "The LORD deal kindly with you" (v.8). She invokes the LORD's hesed (covenant loyalty/lovingkindness) upon these Moabite women. Her argument is practical: she has no more sons to offer them (referencing levirate marriage, Deuteronomy 25:5-10). Orpah's departure is not condemned — she does the sensible thing. She kisses Naomi and returns to "her people and her gods" (v.15). The text does not judge her, but the contrast with Ruth is stark. Orpah represents the reasonable choice; Ruth represents the faithful one.
Ruth's Declaration (vv.15-18): Ruth "clave unto her" (v.14) — the Hebrew "davaq" is the same word used of a man cleaving to his wife in Genesis 2:24. This is covenant language. Ruth's speech (vv.16-17) is structured as a series of escalating commitments: where you go, where you lodge, your people, your God, where you die, where you are buried. She moves from geography to community to theology to death itself. The oath formula — "the LORD do so to me, and more also" — invokes Israel's God as witness. This is a complete renunciation of Moab and a total embrace of Israel's God. Ruth asks nothing in return. She makes no conditions. She binds herself to a destitute widow with no prospects. This is grace — unmerited, unconditional commitment.
Return to Bethlehem (vv.19-22): The arrival stirs the whole city. Naomi has been gone perhaps twelve years or more. The women's question — "Is this Naomi?" — suggests she is physically changed by grief. Her response is theologically loaded: "Call me not Naomi [pleasant], call me Mara [bitter]: for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me" (v.20). She uses "Shaddai" (the Almighty) — the name emphasizing God's sovereign power. She sees God as the agent of her suffering: "I went out full, and the LORD hath brought me home again empty" (v.21). Yet she is not empty — Ruth stands beside her. Naomi cannot yet see that God's provision is already present. The chapter closes with a time marker: "the beginning of barley harvest" — late April/early May. Harvest means food, work, and the gleaning laws that will bring Ruth into Boaz's field.

Map & Geography

  • Bethlehem: In Judah, about 5 miles south of Jerusalem — "house of bread" now experiencing famine
  • Moab: The land east of the Dead Sea; reached by traveling south around the Dead Sea or crossing near its northern end
  • The return journey: Moab → westward across the Jordan rift → up into the Judean hills → Bethlehem

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes that Ruth's declaration is a conversion statement — she is choosing Israel's God, not merely Israel's people. He notes that Naomi's bitterness, while understandable, fails to account for God's provision already standing beside her in Ruth.
  • Charles Spurgeon: "Ruth's choice was the choice of faith. She had nothing to gain by following Naomi — no husband waiting, no wealth promised, no welcome assured. She chose a destitute widow, an unknown land, and an unseen God. This is precisely what faith does: it abandons the seen for the unseen, the certain for the promised, the comfortable for the costly. And God honored her faith beyond all she could have imagined — she who chose poverty with God's people became the ancestress of David and of David's greater Son."

Reflection

  • 1. God works in the ordinary (vv.1-5). There are no miracles in Ruth, no parting seas, no fire from heaven. God works through famine, death, loyalty, harvest, and human decisions. Most of God's providence operates through ordinary circumstances — we must learn to see His hand in the mundane, not only in the spectacular.
  • 2. Faith means choosing God without guarantees (vv.16-17). Ruth had no promise of provision, acceptance, or reward. She chose God's people and God's land with nothing but a destitute widow to show for it. True faith does not require a guaranteed outcome — it trusts the character of God when the circumstances offer nothing.
  • 3. Honest grief is not unbelief (v.20). Naomi does not pretend to be fine. She names her pain before God and the community. The Psalms are full of such honesty (Psalm 88; Psalm 13). God does not require us to mask our suffering. But Naomi's error is in her conclusion — she sees only bitterness where God is already working redemption. Grief is permitted; despair is premature.
  • 4. God's providence often looks like coincidence (v.22). They arrive "in the beginning of barley harvest" — perfect timing for Ruth to glean. What looks like chance is actually God's orchestration. We often cannot see providence until we look backward. The "accidents" of our lives are frequently God's appointments.
  • 5. The outsider is welcomed into God's story (v.22). Ruth "the Moabitess" — always identified by her foreignness — is brought into the line of David and of Christ. God's grace crosses every boundary that human religion erects. The excluded become the included. The stranger becomes the ancestor of the King.