Romans — Chapter 1

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1Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, and set apart for the gospel of God—

2the gospel He promised beforehand through His prophets in the Holy Scriptures,

3regarding His Son, who was a descendant of David according to the flesh,

4and who through the Spirit of holiness was declared with power to be the Son of God by His resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord.

5Through Him and on behalf of His name, we received grace and apostleship to call all those among the Gentiles to the obedience that comes from faith.

6And you also are among those who are called to belong to Jesus Christ.

7To all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be saints: Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

8First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is being proclaimed all over the world.

9God, whom I serve with my spirit in preaching the gospel of His Son, is my witness how constantly I remember you

10in my prayers at all times, asking that now at last by God’s will I may succeed in coming to you.

11For I long to see you so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to strengthen you,

12that is, that you and I may be mutually encouraged by each other’s faith.

13I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, how often I planned to come to you (but have been prevented from visiting until now), in order that I might have a harvest among you, just as I have had among the other Gentiles.

14I am obligated both to Greeks and non-Greeks, both to the wise and the foolish.

15That is why I am so eager to preach the gospel also to you who are in Rome.

16I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God for salvation to everyone who believes, first to the Jew, then to the Greek.

17For the gospel reveals the righteousness of God that comes by faith from start to finish, just as it is written: “The righteous will live by faith.”

18The wrath of God is being revealed from heaven against all the godlessness and wickedness of men who suppress the truth by their wickedness.

19For what may be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them.

20For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities, His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood from His workmanship, so that men are without excuse.

21For although they knew God, they neither glorified Him as God nor gave thanks to Him, but they became futile in their thinking and darkened in their foolish hearts.

22Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools,

23and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for images of mortal man and birds and animals and reptiles.

24Therefore God gave them over in the desires of their hearts to impurity for the dishonoring of their bodies with one another.

25They exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is forever worthy of praise! Amen.

26For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions. Even their women exchanged natural relations for unnatural ones.

27Likewise, the men abandoned natural relations with women and burned with lust for one another. Men committed indecent acts with other men and received in themselves the due penalty for their error.

28Furthermore, since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, He gave them up to a depraved mind, to do what ought not to be done.

29They have become filled with every kind of wickedness, evil, greed, and depravity. They are full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, and malice. They are gossips,

30slanderers, God-haters, insolent, arrogant, and boastful. They invent new forms of evil; they disobey their parents.

31They are senseless, faithless, heartless, merciless.

32Although they know God’s righteous decree that those who do such things are worthy of death, they not only continue to do these things, but also approve of those who practice them.

1Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God,

2(Which he had promised afore by his prophets in the holy scriptures,)

3Concerning his Son Jesus Christ our Lord, which was made of the seed of David according to the flesh;

4And declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead:

5By whom we have received grace and apostleship, for obedience to the faith among all nations, for his name:

6Among whom are ye also the called of Jesus Christ:

7To all that be in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father, and the Lord Jesus Christ.

8First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world.

9For God is my witness, whom I serve with my spirit in the gospel of his Son, that without ceasing I make mention of you always in my prayers;

10Making request, if by any means now at length I might have a prosperous journey by the will of God to come unto you.

11For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established;

12That is, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me.

13Now I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, (but was let hitherto,) that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among other Gentiles.

14I am debtor both to the Greeks, and to the Barbarians; both to the wise, and to the unwise.

15So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also.

16For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

17For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith.

18For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold the truth in unrighteousness;

19Because that which may be known of God is manifest in them; for God hath shewed it unto them.

20For the invisible things of him from the creation of the world are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even his eternal power and Godhead; so that they are without excuse:

21Because that, when they knew God, they glorified him not as God, neither were thankful; but became vain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was darkened.

22Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

23And changed the glory of the uncorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man, and to birds, and fourfooted beasts, and creeping things.

24Wherefore God also gave them up to uncleanness through the lusts of their own hearts, to dishonour their own bodies between themselves:

25Who changed the truth of God into a lie, and worshipped and served the creature more than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

26For this cause God gave them up unto vile affections: for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature:

27And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men working that which is unseemly, and receiving in themselves that recompence of their error which was meet.

28And even as they did not like to retain God in their knowledge, God gave them over to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not convenient;

29Being filled with all unrighteousness, fornication, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, debate, deceit, malignity; whisperers,

30Backbiters, haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents,

31Without understanding, covenantbreakers, without natural affection, implacable, unmerciful:

32Who knowing the judgment of God, that they which commit such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but have pleasure in them that do them.

1Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called [to be] an apostle, separated unto the gospel of God,

2which he promised afore through his prophets in the holy scriptures,

3concerning his Son, who was born of the seed of David according to the flesh,

4who was declared [to be] the Son of God with power, according to the spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead; [even] Jesus Christ our Lord,

5through whom we received grace and apostleship, unto obedience of faith among all the nations, for his name`s sake;

6among whom are ye also called [to be] Jesus Christ`s:

7To all that are in Rome, beloved of God, called [to be] saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

8First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for you all, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

9For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the gospel of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you, always in my prayers

10making request, if by any means now at length I may be prospered by the will of God to come unto you.

11For I long to see you, that I may impart unto you some spiritual gift, to the end ye may be established;

12that is, that I with you may be comforted in you, each of us by the other`s faith, both yours and mine.

13And I would not have you ignorant, brethren, that oftentimes I purposed to come unto you (and was hindered hitherto), that I might have some fruit in you also, even as in the rest of the Gentiles.

14I am debtor both to Greeks and to Barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish.

15So, as much as in me is, I am ready to preach the gospel to you also that are in Rome.

16For I am not ashamed of the gospel: for it is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth; to the Jew first, and also to the Greek.

17For therein is revealed a righteousness of God from faith unto faith: as it is written, But the righteous shall live by faith.

18For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hinder the truth in unrighteousness;

19because that which is known of God is manifest in them; for God manifested it unto them.

20For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, [even] his everlasting power and divinity; that they may be without excuse:

21because that, knowing God, they glorified him not as God, neither gave thanks; but became vain in their reasonings, and their senseless heart was darkened.

22Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

23and changed the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, and four-footed beasts, and creeping things.

24Wherefore God gave them up in the lusts of their hearts unto uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves:

25for that they exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshipped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed for ever. Amen.

26For this cause God gave them up unto vile passions: for their women changed the natural use into that which is against nature:

27and likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another, men with men working unseemliness, and receiving in themselves that recompense of their error which was due.

28And even as they refused to have God in [their] knowledge, God gave them up unto a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

29being filled with all unrighteousness, wickedness, covetousness, maliciousness; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, malignity; whisperers,

30backbiters, hateful to God, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents,

31without understanding, covenant-breakers, without natural affection, unmerciful:

32who, knowing the ordinance of God, that they that practise such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but also consent with them that practise them.

1From Paul, a slave of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God.

2This gospel he promised beforehand through his prophets in the holy scriptures,

3concerning his Son who was a descendant of David with reference to the flesh,

4who was appointed the Son-of-God-in-power according to the Holy Spirit by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord.

5Through him we have received grace and our apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith among all the Gentiles on behalf of his name.

6You also are among them, called to belong to Jesus Christ.

7To all those loved by God in Rome, called to be saints: Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ!

8First of all, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, because your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

9For God, whom I serve in my spirit in the gospel of his Son, is my witness that I continually remember you,

10and I always ask in my prayers if, perhaps now at last, I may succeed in visiting you according to the will of God.

11For I long to see you, so that I may impart to you some spiritual gift to strengthen you,

12that is, that we may be mutually comforted by one another’s faith, both yours and mine.

13I do not want you to be unaware, brothers and sisters, that I often intended to come to you (and was prevented until now), so that I may have some fruit even among you, just as I already have among the rest of the Gentiles.

14I am a debtor both to the Greeks and to the barbarians, both to the wise and to the foolish.

15Thus I am eager also to preach the gospel to you who are in Rome.

16For I am not ashamed of the gospel, for it is God’s power for salvation to everyone who believes, to the Jew first and also to the Greek.

17For the righteousness of God is revealed in the gospel from faith to faith, just as it is written, “The righteous by faith will live.”

18For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of people who suppress the truth by their unrighteousness,

19because what can be known about God is plain to them, because God has made it plain to them.

20For since the creation of the world his invisible attributes—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen because they are understood through what has been made. So people are without excuse.

21For although they knew God, they did not glorify him as God or give him thanks, but they became futile in their thoughts, and their senseless hearts were darkened.

22Although they claimed to be wise, they became fools

23and exchanged the glory of the immortal God for an image resembling mortal human beings or birds or four-footed animals or reptiles.

24Therefore God gave them over in the desires of their hearts to impurity, to dishonor their bodies among themselves.

25They exchanged the truth of God for a lie and worshiped and served the creation rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever! Amen.

26For this reason God gave them over to dishonorable passions. For their women exchanged the natural sexual relations for unnatural ones,

27and likewise the men also abandoned natural relations with women and were inflamed in their passions for one another. Men committed shameless acts with men and received in themselves the due penalty for their error.

28And just as they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God gave them over to a depraved mind, to do what should not be done.

29They are filled with every kind of unrighteousness, wickedness, covetousness, malice. They are rife with envy, murder, strife, deceit, hostility. They are gossips,

30slanderers, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, contrivers of all sorts of evil, disobedient to parents,

31senseless, covenant-breakers, heartless, ruthless.

32Although they fully know God’s righteous decree that those who practice such things deserve to die, they not only do them but also approve of those who practice them.

1Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, set apart for the Good News of God,

2which he promised before through his prophets in the holy Scriptures,

3concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh,

4who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord,

5through whom we received grace and apostleship, for obedience of faith among all the nations, for his name’s sake;

6among whom you are also called to belong to Jesus Christ;

7to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.

8First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world.

9For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,

10requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you.

11For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established;

12that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.

13Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you, and was hindered so far, that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among the rest of the Gentiles.

14I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish.

15So, as much as is in me, I am eager to preach the Good News to you also who are in Rome.

16For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Christ, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes; for the Jew first, and also for the Greek.

17For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.”

18For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness,

19because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them.

20For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity; that they may be without excuse.

21Because, knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, neither gave thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.

22Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools,

23and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, and four-footed animals, and creeping things.

24Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves;

25who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.

26For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature.

27Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burned in their lust toward one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error.

28Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting;

29being filled with all unrighteousness, sexual immorality, wickedness, covetousness, malice; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, evil habits, secret slanderers,

30backbiters, hateful to God, insolent, haughty, boastful, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents,

31without understanding, covenant breakers, without natural affection, unforgiving, unmerciful;

32who, knowing the ordinance of God, that those who practice such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but also approve of those who practice them.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

Paul introduces himself as a servant of Christ set apart for the gospel, and expresses his eagerness to preach in Rome, saying he is not ashamed of the gospel because it is God's power for salvation to everyone who believes (vv. 1-16). He states the letter's thesis: God's righteousness is revealed through faith, quoting that the righteous will live by faith (v. 17). He then turns to indict humanity — even though God's power and nature are plain in creation, people suppressed the truth, exchanged God's glory for idols, and were given over by God to dishonorable desires and a corrupted mind (vv. 18-28). The chapter closes with a list of the resulting sins, ending with the sobering note that people not only do these things but approve of others who do them too (vv. 29-32).

Authorship & Background

Author: The Apostle Paul, writing from Corinth during his third missionary journey (approximately AD 57). Romans is Paul's longest, most systematic letter — his theological masterpiece.
Audience: The church in Rome — a church Paul did not found and had not yet visited. He writes to introduce himself and his Gospel before arriving.
Purpose: To present a comprehensive, systematic explanation of the Gospel — from humanity's condemnation (chs.1-3) through justification (chs.3-5), sanctification (chs.6-8), Israel's place in God's plan (chs.9-11), and practical Christian living (chs.12-16).
Chapter 1 Structure: Introduction and greeting (vv.1-7), Paul's desire to visit Rome (vv.8-15), the thesis statement (vv.16-17), and the indictment of pagan humanity (vv.18-32).
Classification: Epistle — Pauline
Key Themes: A one-sentence introduction that names the gospel before Paul names himself, an obligation felt toward Greeks and Barbarians before Rome has ever been visited, the just shall live by faith set down as the thesis before the letter argues for it, idols exchanged for the glory of an incorruptible God, and God giving people up three times to exactly what they had already chosen
Called to Be an Apostle (vv.1-7): One sentence in the Greek, and it does a great deal of work before it reaches a greeting. Paul introduces himself as a servant and an apostle, then puts the gospel before himself: promised afore by his prophets in the holy scriptures, so it is not new. Then the two clauses about Jesus that have been argued over ever since, made of the seed of David according to the flesh, and declared to be the Son of God with power by the resurrection from the dead. The purpose named is obedience among all nations, which tells the Romans why a man they have never met is writing to them, and the address is warm, beloved of God, called to be saints.
I Long to See You (vv.8-15): Paul explains why he has not come and states plainly that he has tried, oftentimes I purposed to come unto you, but was let hitherto. The reason for wanting to is put twice and the second version corrects the first: he wants to impart some spiritual gift, and then immediately makes it mutual, that I may be comforted together with you by the mutual faith both of you and me. Then the debt, I am debtor both to the Greeks and to the Barbarians, and the readiness, I am ready to preach the gospel to you that are at Rome also, which sets up the thesis in the next verse.
The Thesis (vv.16-17): "The gospel... is the power of God unto salvation to every one that believeth... For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith." This is the thesis of the entire letter — and arguably of the entire New Testament.
The Downward Spiral (vv.18-32): Paul traces humanity's descent: (1) they knew God but didn't glorify Him (v.21), (2) they exchanged God's glory for idols (v.23), (3) God "gave them up" three times (vv.24,26,28) to the consequences of their choices. Sin is both rebellion against God and God's judgment on rebellion.

Map & Geography

  • Rome (v.7, v.15): Capital of the Roman Empire that ruled Israel in NT times.

Places on this map

  • RomeRome, ItalyFifteen miles up the Tiber from its port at Ostia, about 1,400 miles from Jerusalem by sea and road. Reaching it is the destination Acts is aimed at from chapter one, because from Rome the roads ran everywhere else. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik examines Paul's introduction, the thesis statement, general revelation, and the downward spiral of sin.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Book of Romans Summary: A Complete Animated Overview (Part 1)
BibleProject

What does it mean that “God gave them over” in Romans 1:24–28? | GotQuestions.org
Got Questions Ministries

What does it mean to not be ashamed of the Gospel in Romans 1:16? | GotQuestions.org
Got Questions Ministries

Romans 1:18-32 | The World Rejects God | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Romans 1:1-17 | The Global Gospel | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Romans: The Bible Explained
Spoken Gospel

God’s Righteousness, Our Friend - Romans 1:17
David Guzik

Articles

  • Crossway: crossway.org Who Paul was writing to and why, before the argument begins.
  • Crossway: crossway.org On the whole letter: why Romans has carried the weight it has in church history.
  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Romans -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Not Ashamed of the Gospel (v.16) — Paul opens by declaring the gospel is God's saving power for everyone who believes, not merely good advice. Where in your life are you tempted to downplay or hide your faith?
  • The Righteous Will Live by Faith (v.17) — Paul states the letter's thesis: God's righteousness comes through faith from start to finish, not through earned performance. Are you resting in what Christ has done, or still trying to prove yourself worthy?
  • Creation Leaves No One Without Excuse (v.20) — God's eternal power and divine nature are visible in the created world, so no one can honestly claim ignorance of Him. When did creation last stir genuine worship in you rather than passing notice?
  • The Root of the Downward Spiral (v.21) — Paul traces humanity's decline to a single failure: knowing God yet refusing to glorify Him or give thanks, which darkened their thinking. How consistently do gratitude and worship shape your daily life?
  • God Giving People Over (vv.24,26,28) — Three times Paul describes God's judgment as simply releasing people to the desires they insisted on pursuing. Is there anything you're clinging to that God may be letting you have, to your own harm?
  • Approving Sin in Others (v.32) — The chapter closes with people who not only sin but cheer others on in it, a step beyond personal failure into celebrating what God condemns. How do you resist both quietly endorsing cultural sin and responding to it with self-righteousness?