Jonah — Chapter 1

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1Now the word of the LORD came to Jonah son of Amittai, saying,

2“Get up! Go to the great city of Nineveh and preach against it, because its wickedness has come up before Me.”

3Jonah, however, got up to flee to Tarshish, away from the presence of the LORD. He went down to Joppa and found a ship bound for Tarshish. So he paid the fare and went aboard to sail for Tarshish, away from the presence of the LORD.

4Then the LORD hurled a great wind upon the sea, and such a violent storm arose that the ship was in danger of breaking apart.

5The sailors were afraid, and each cried out to his own god. And they threw the ship’s cargo into the sea to lighten the load. But Jonah had gone down to the lowest part of the vessel, where he lay down and fell into a deep sleep.

6The captain approached him and said, “How can you sleep? Get up and call upon your God. Perhaps this God will consider us, so that we may not perish.”

7“Come!” said the sailors to one another. “Let us cast lots to find out who is responsible for this calamity that is upon us.” So they cast lots, and the lot fell on Jonah.

8“Tell us now,” they demanded, “who is to blame for this calamity that is upon us? What is your occupation, and where have you come from? What is your country, and who are your people?”

9“I am a Hebrew,” replied Jonah. “I worship the LORD, the God of the heavens, who made the sea and the dry land.”

10Then the men were even more afraid and said to him, “What have you done?” The men knew that he was fleeing from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them.

11Now the sea was growing worse and worse, so they said to Jonah, “What must we do to you to calm this sea for us?”

12“Pick me up,” he answered, “and cast me into the sea, so it may quiet down for you. For I know that I am to blame for this violent storm that has come upon you.”

13Nevertheless, the men rowed hard to get back to dry land, but they could not, for the sea was raging against them more and more.

14So they cried out to the LORD: “Please, O LORD, do not let us perish on account of this man’s life! Do not charge us with innocent blood! For You, O LORD, have done as You pleased.”

15Then they picked up Jonah and cast him into the sea, and the raging sea grew calm.

16Then the men feared the LORD greatly, and they offered a sacrifice to the LORD and made vows to Him.

17Now the LORD had appointed a great fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah spent three days and three nights in the belly of the fish.

1Now the word of the LORD came unto Jonah the son of Amittai, saying,

2Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me.

3But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD, and went down to Joppa; and he found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish from the presence of the LORD.

4But the LORD sent out a great wind into the sea, and there was a mighty tempest in the sea, so that the ship was like to be broken.

5Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god, and cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it of them. But Jonah was gone down into the sides of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep.

6So the shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, What meanest thou, O sleeper? arise, call upon thy God, if so be that God will think upon us, that we perish not.

7And they said every one to his fellow, Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us. So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah.

8Then said they unto him, Tell us, we pray thee, for whose cause this evil is upon us; What is thine occupation? and whence comest thou? what is thy country? and of what people art thou?

9And he said unto them, I am an Hebrew; and I fear the LORD, the God of heaven, which hath made the sea and the dry land.

10Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him, Why hast thou done this? For the men knew that he fled from the presence of the LORD, because he had told them.

11Then said they unto him, What shall we do unto thee, that the sea may be calm unto us? for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous.

12And he said unto them, Take me up, and cast me forth into the sea; so shall the sea be calm unto you: for I know that for my sake this great tempest is upon you.

13Nevertheless the men rowed hard to bring it to the land; but they could not: for the sea wrought, and was tempestuous against them.

14Wherefore they cried unto the LORD, and said, We beseech thee, O LORD, we beseech thee, let us not perish for this man’s life, and lay not upon us innocent blood: for thou, O LORD, hast done as it pleased thee.

15So they took up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea: and the sea ceased from her raging.

16Then the men feared the LORD exceedingly, and offered a sacrifice unto the LORD, and made vows.

17Now the LORD had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah. And Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.

1Now the word of Jehovah came unto Jonah the son of Amittai, saying,

2Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and cry against it; for their wickedness is come up before me.

3But Jonah rose up to flee unto Tarshish from the presence of Jehovah; and he went down to Joppa, and found a ship going to Tarshish: so he paid the fare thereof, and went down into it, to go with them unto Tarshish from the presence of Jehovah.

4But Jehovah sent out a great wind upon the sea, and there was a mighty tempest on the sea, so that the ship was like to be broken.

5Then the mariners were afraid, and cried every man unto his god; and they cast forth the wares that were in the ship into the sea, to lighten it unto them. But Jonah was gone down into the innermost parts of the ship; and he lay, and was fast asleep.

6So the shipmaster came to him, and said unto him, What meanest thou, O sleeper? arise, call upon thy God, if so be that God will think upon us, that we perish not.

7And they said every one to his fellow, Come, and let us cast lots, that we may know for whose cause this evil is upon us. So they cast lots, and the lot fell upon Jonah.

8Then said they unto him, Tell us, we pray thee, for whose cause this evil is upon us; what is thine occupation? and whence comest thou? what is thy country? and of what people art thou?

9And he said unto them, I am a Hebrew; and I fear Jehovah, the God of heaven, who hath made the sea and the dry land.

10Then were the men exceedingly afraid, and said unto him, What is this that thou hast done? For the men knew that he was fleeing from the presence of Jehovah, because he had told them.

11Then said they unto him, What shall we do unto thee, that the sea may be calm unto us? for the sea grew more and more tempestuous.

12And he said unto them, Take me up, and cast me forth into the sea; so shall the sea be calm unto you: for I know that for my sake this great tempest is upon you.

13Nevertheless the men rowed hard to get them back to the land; but they could not: for the sea grew more and more tempestuous against them.

14Wherefore they cried unto Jehovah, and said, We beseech thee, O Jehovah, we beseech thee, let us not perish for this man`s life, and lay not upon us innocent blood; for thou, O Jehovah, hast done as it pleased thee.

15So they took up Jonah, and cast him forth into the sea; and the sea ceased from its raging.

16Then the men feared Jehovah exceedingly; and they offered a sacrifice unto Jehovah, and made vows.

17And Jehovah prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah; and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.

1The Lord’s message came to Jonah son of Amittai,

2“Go immediately to Nineveh, that large capital city, and announce judgment against its people because their wickedness has come to my attention.”

3Instead, Jonah immediately headed off to Tarshish to escape from the commission of the Lord. He traveled to Joppa and found a merchant ship heading to Tarshish. So he paid the fare and went aboard it to go with them to Tarshish, far away from the Lord.

4But the Lord hurled a powerful wind on the sea. Such a violent tempest arose on the sea that the ship threatened to break up!

5The sailors were so afraid that each cried out to his own god and they flung the ship’s cargo overboard to make the ship lighter. Jonah, meanwhile, had gone down into the hold below deck, had lain down, and was sound asleep.

6The ship’s captain approached him and said, “What are you doing asleep? Get up! Cry out to your god! Perhaps your god might take notice of us so that we might not die!”

7The sailors said to one another, “Come on, let’s cast lots to find out whose fault it is that this disaster has overtaken us.” So they cast lots, and Jonah was singled out.

8They said to him, “Tell us, whose fault is it that this disaster has overtaken us? What’s your occupation? Where do you come from? What’s your country? And who are your people?”

9He said to them, “I am a Hebrew, and I worship the Lord, the God of heaven, who made the sea and the dry land.”

10Hearing this, the men became even more afraid and said to him, “What have you done?” (The men said this because they knew that he was trying to escape from the Lord, because he had previously told them.)

11Because the storm was growing worse and worse, they said to him, “What should we do to you so that the sea will calm down for us?”

12He said to them, “Pick me up and throw me into the sea so that the sea will calm down for you, because I know it’s my fault you are in this severe storm.”

13Instead, they tried to row back to land, but they were not able to do so because the storm kept growing worse and worse.

14So they cried out to the Lord, “Oh, please, Lord, don’t let us die on account of this man! Don’t hold us guilty of shedding innocent blood. After all, you, Lord, have done just as you pleased.”

15So they picked Jonah up and threw him into the sea, and the sea stopped raging.

16The men feared the Lord greatly and earnestly vowed to offer lavish sacrifices to the Lord.

17(2:1) The Lord sent a huge fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the stomach of the fish three days and three nights.

1Now Yahweh’s word came to Jonah the son of Amittai, saying,

2“Arise, go to Nineveh, that great city, and preach against it, for their wickedness has come up before me.”

3But Jonah rose up to flee to Tarshish from the presence of Yahweh. He went down to Joppa, and found a ship going to Tarshish; so he paid its fare, and went down into it, to go with them to Tarshish from the presence of Yahweh.

4But Yahweh sent out a great wind on the sea, and there was a mighty storm on the sea, so that the ship was likely to break up.

5Then the mariners were afraid, and every man cried to his god. They threw the cargo that was in the ship into the sea to lighten the ship. But Jonah had gone down into the innermost parts of the ship, and he was laying down, and was fast asleep.

6So the ship master came to him, and said to him, “What do you mean, sleeper? Arise, call on your God! Maybe your God will notice us, so that we won’t perish.”

7They all said to each other, “Come, let us cast lots, that we may know who is responsible for this evil that is on us.” So they cast lots, and the lot fell on Jonah.

8Then they asked him, “Tell us, please, for whose cause this evil is on us. What is your occupation? Where do you come from? What is your country? Of what people are you?”

9He said to them, “I am a Hebrew, and I fear Yahweh, the God of heaven, who has made the sea and the dry land.”

10Then the men were exceedingly afraid, and said to him, “What have you done?” For the men knew that he was fleeing from the presence of Yahweh, because he had told them.

11Then they said to him, “What shall we do to you, that the sea may be calm to us?” For the sea grew more and more stormy.

12He said to them, “Take me up, and throw me into the sea. Then the sea will be calm for you; for I know that because of me this great storm is on you.”

13Nevertheless the men rowed hard to get them back to the land; but they could not, for the sea grew more and more stormy against them.

14Therefore they cried to Yahweh, and said, “We beg you, Yahweh, we beg you, don’t let us die for this man’s life, and don’t lay on us innocent blood; for you, Yahweh, have done as it pleased you.”

15So they took up Jonah, and threw him into the sea; and the sea ceased its raging.

16Then the men feared Yahweh exceedingly; and they offered a sacrifice to Yahweh, and made vows.

17Yahweh prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

God commands Jonah to go preach against Nineveh because of its wickedness, but instead Jonah boards a ship at Joppa and flees toward Tarshish, away from the LORD's presence (vv. 1-3). The LORD hurls a violent storm at the ship, and after casting lots identifies Jonah as its cause, the terrified sailors question him and learn he is fleeing the God who made the sea (vv. 4-10). At Jonah's own instruction they reluctantly throw him overboard, the sea instantly grows calm, and the sailors respond by fearing the LORD and offering him sacrifices (vv. 11-16). The LORD then appoints a great fish to swallow Jonah, where he remains three days and three nights (v. 17).

Authorship & Background

Author: Jonah son of Amittai (2 Kings 14:25). Set approximately 780-760 BC. Key theme: God's mercy extends beyond Israel to all nations — even Israel's enemies (Nineveh/Assyria). Jonah resists; God persists. "Salvation is of the LORD" (2:9). Jesus references Jonah as a sign (Matthew 12:39-40).
Classification: Prophetic Narrative
Key Themes: Running from God's call, the futility of flight, God's sovereignty over nature, pagan sailors more responsive than God's prophet, and a descent traced downward — into the ship, into sleep, into the sea
Historical Context: Jonah is unique among the prophets — a narrative about the prophet rather than a collection of his oracles. God calls Jonah to preach to Nineveh — the capital of Assyria, Israel's most feared enemy. Assyria was known for extreme cruelty: impaling captives, skinning people alive, deporting entire populations. Jonah doesn't want them saved — he wants them destroyed. So he flees. But you cannot outrun God. The chapter traces Jonah's descent: "down" to Joppa, "down" into the ship, "down" to sleep, "down" into the sea. Running from God is always downward. Ironically, the pagan sailors show more faith than the prophet: they pray, they reluctantly sacrifice Jonah, and they worship the LORD.
The Call: Go to Nineveh (vv.1-2): The book opens without preamble: the word of the LORD comes to Jonah and sends him to Nineveh. No commissioning vision, no protest recorded yet, just the commission and the city. Nineveh is called “that great city”, and the phrase is not flattery — it was the Assyrian capital, and Assyria was the empire Israel feared most. Its own royal inscriptions boast of flaying prisoners and stacking heads. God's stated reason for sending Jonah is that their wickedness “has come up before me”, the same language used of Sodom (Genesis 18:21). A prophet is being sent to a place Israel would have been glad to see destroyed.
The Flight: Down to Tarshish (v.3): Jonah's response is one verse and entirely physical: he rose, he went down, he paid, he went down again. Nineveh lay some five hundred miles northeast, overland. Tarshish is generally placed at the far western end of the Mediterranean, probably Spain — as close to the opposite direction as the known world allowed. The narrator repeats that he went “down” to Joppa and “down” into the ship, beginning a pattern the chapter sustains. The phrase “from the presence of the LORD” does not mean Jonah thought God was local; it is the language of a servant walking out on his post.
The Storm: God Pursues (vv.4-6): The LORD “hurls” a great wind onto the sea, the first of several times in this book that God directly commands the natural world. The sailors, seasoned Phoenician crew, are terrified enough to throw cargo overboard and each cries to his own god. Jonah meanwhile is asleep in the hold, having gone “down” once more. The captain's rebuke is one of the sharper ironies in Scripture: a pagan sailor wakes the Hebrew prophet and tells him to pray. Those who do not know the LORD are doing what the man who does know Him will not.
The Lots: Jonah Exposed (vv.7-10): The crew cast lots to identify who has provoked this, and the lot falls on Jonah. Their questions come in a rush — occupation, country, people — and his answer is a confession of faith he is actively contradicting: “I am a Hebrew; and I fear the LORD, the God of heaven, which hath made the sea and the dry land.” He names the God who made the very sea now trying to kill him. When he admits he is fleeing, the sailors are “exceedingly afraid”, and their question is the reasonable one: why would you do this?
The Sacrifice: Thrown Overboard (vv.11-16): Jonah tells them to throw him into the sea, and their reluctance is worth noticing. Rather than take him at his word, they row harder for shore, and only when that fails do they pray to the LORD by name, asking not to be held guilty for innocent blood. Pagan sailors show more concern for one Hebrew life than the Hebrew prophet showed for a hundred and twenty thousand Ninevites. The sea calms the moment he goes in, and the crew respond by sacrificing to the LORD and making vows. Jonah's disobedience has produced converts anyway — which is the book's argument in miniature.
The Fish: God Provides (v.17): The chapter's last verse turns the whole story: the LORD “prepared” a great fish. The verb is provision, not punishment. The sea was going to kill Jonah; the fish is what saves him. Three days and three nights is the detail Jesus takes up as a sign of His own burial and resurrection (Matthew 12:39-40), which is why this verse carries weight far beyond the narrative. Note also what the text does not say: it names no species, and speculating about which fish could swallow a man misses that the point is who commanded it.

Map & Geography

  • Joppa (modern Jaffa/Tel Aviv) — Mediterranean port city where Jonah boards a ship fleeing God's call.
  • Tarshish (likely Tartessus in modern Spain) — the farthest west one could sail; the exact OPPOSITE direction from Nineveh.
  • Nineveh (modern Mosul, Iraq) — capital of the Assyrian Empire, located on the Tigris River, approximately 500 miles northeast of Israel.

Places on this map

  • Mediterranean SeaCalled simply the Great Sea, and treated as the western edge of the world. Israel's coast has almost no natural harbours, so for most of its history the sea was a boundary rather than a road, and seafaring was left to the Phoenicians. Wikipedia
  • Tarshishprobably southern SpainUsually identified with Tartessos near the mouth of the Guadalquivir in southern Spain, at the far western end of the Phoenician trade routes, though the identification is not certain. Either way it meant the end of the known world, and it lies almost exactly opposite Nineveh from Joppa. Wikipedia
  • NinevehMosul, IraqAssyria's last capital, on the east bank of the Tigris across from modern Mosul, about 500 miles north-east of Israel. Sennacherib walled in an enormous city here, which is the scale behind Jonah's three days' journey and its 120,000 who cannot tell right from left. Wikipedia
  • TigrisTurkey, Syria, IraqThe faster and shorter of Mesopotamia's two rivers, running about 1,150 miles from eastern Turkey to join the Euphrates near the Gulf. Nineveh, Calah and Asshur all sat on it, and Daniel received his last vision on its bank. Wikipedia
  • JoppaJaffa, Tel Aviv, IsraelThe one usable harbour on Israel's straight coast, a rock shelf with a gap in it, dangerous but workable. Cedar for both temples was landed here, Jonah sailed from here, and Peter saw his vision on a roof here. Wikipedia
  • Assyrianorthern IraqThe upper Tigris heartland around Nineveh, Calah and Asshur. Its armies reached Israel by following the Fertile Crescent north-west and then south down the coast, so the threat always arrived from the north even though Assyria lay to the east. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Verse-by-verse commentary on this chapter, written for the everyday reader and freely available online.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Jonah 1 | Jonah is Not About a Fish | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Jonah 1: Jonah's Not About A Fish | Spoken Gospel Podcast
Spoken Gospel

A Summary of the Book of Jonah | GotQuestions.org
Got Questions Ministries

What is the sign of Jonah? | GotQuestions.org
Got Questions Ministries

Jonah: The Bible Explained
Spoken Gospel

Book of Jonah Summary: A Complete Animated Overview
BibleProject

Impulse, Circumstances, Or God? - Jonah 1:3
David Guzik

Asleep In The Storm - Jonah 1:5-6
David Guzik

Afraid And More Afraid - Jonah 1:14-16
David Guzik

Articles

  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Jonah -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Running From God Moves Only Downward (v.3) — Jonah goes down to Joppa and down into the ship as he flees the LORD's call to Nineveh. Where are you fleeing a call from God right now, and what would turning around actually look like?
  • Asleep in the Storm You Caused (v.5) — Jonah sleeps through the very storm his disobedience triggered while the pagan sailors around him panic and pray. Are you numb to the chaos your own choices have created for the people around you?
  • A Clear Identity, A Contradicted Life (v.9) — Jonah confesses that he fears the LORD who made the sea and dry land even while actively fleeing that same LORD. Where does your stated faith fail to match the direction you're actually heading?
  • God's Rescue Can Look Like Disaster (v.17) — The great fish that swallows Jonah isn't punishment but provision, appointed by God to save his life rather than end it. What in your life looked like catastrophe at the time but turned out to be God preserving you for what came next?