Daniel — Chapter 8

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1In the third year of the reign of King Belshazzar, a vision appeared to me, Daniel, subsequent to the one that had appeared to me earlier.

2And in the vision I saw myself in the citadel of Susa, in the province of Elam. I saw in the vision that I was beside the Ulai Canal.

3Then I lifted up my eyes and saw a ram with two horns standing beside the canal. The horns were long, but one was longer than the other, and the longer one grew up later.

4I saw the ram charging toward the west and the north and the south. No animal could stand against him, and there was no deliverance from his power. He did as he pleased and became great.

5As I was contemplating all this, suddenly a goat with a prominent horn between his eyes came out of the west, crossing the surface of the entire earth without touching the ground.

6He came toward the two-horned ram I had seen standing beside the canal and rushed at him with furious power.

7I saw him approach the ram in a rage against him, and he struck the ram and shattered his two horns. The ram was powerless to stand against him, and the goat threw him to the ground and trampled him, and no one could deliver the ram from his power.

8Thus the goat became very great, but at the height of his power, his large horn was broken off, and four prominent horns came up in its place, pointing toward the four winds of heaven.

9From one of these horns a little horn emerged and grew extensively toward the south and the east and toward the Beautiful Land.

10It grew as high as the host of heaven, and it cast down some of the host and some of the stars to the earth and trampled them.

11It magnified itself, even to the Prince of the host; it removed His daily sacrifice and overthrew the place of His sanctuary.

12And in the rebellion, the host and the daily sacrifice were given over to the horn, and it flung truth to the ground and prospered in whatever it did.

13Then I heard a holy one speaking, and another holy one said to him, “How long until the fulfillment of the vision of the daily sacrifice, the rebellion that causes desolation, and the surrender of the sanctuary and of the host to be trampled?”

14He said to me, “It will take 2,300 evenings and mornings; then the sanctuary will be properly restored.”

15While I, Daniel, was watching the vision and trying to understand it, there stood before me one having the appearance of a man.

16And I heard the voice of a man calling from between the banks of the Ulai: “Gabriel, explain the vision to this man.”

17As he came near to where I stood, I was terrified and fell facedown. “Son of man,” he said to me, “understand that the vision concerns the time of the end.”

18While he was speaking with me, I fell into a deep sleep, with my face to the ground. Then he touched me, helped me to my feet,

19and said, “Behold, I will make known to you what will happen in the latter time of wrath, because it concerns the appointed time of the end.

20The two-horned ram that you saw represents the kings of Media and Persia.

21The shaggy goat represents the king of Greece, and the large horn between his eyes is the first king.

22The four horns that replaced the broken one represent four kingdoms that will rise from that nation but will not have the same power.

23In the latter part of their reign, when the rebellion has reached its full measure, an insolent king, skilled in intrigue, will come to the throne.

24His power will be great, but it will not be his own. He will cause terrible destruction and succeed in whatever he does. He will destroy the mighty men along with the holy people.

25Through his craft and by his hand, he will cause deceit to prosper, and in his own mind he will make himself great. In a time of peace he will destroy many, and he will even stand against the Prince of princes. Yet he will be broken off, but not by human hands.

26The vision of the evenings and the mornings that has been spoken is true. Now you must seal up the vision, for it concerns the distant future.”

27I, Daniel, was exhausted and lay ill for days. Then I got up and went about the king’s business. I was confounded by the vision; it was beyond understanding.

1In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared unto me, even unto me Daniel, after that which appeared unto me at the first.

2And I saw in a vision; and it came to pass, when I saw, that I was at Shushan in the palace, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in a vision, and I was by the river of Ulai.

3Then I lifted up mine eyes, and saw, and, behold, there stood before the river a ram which had two horns: and the two horns were high; but one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last.

4I saw the ram pushing westward, and northward, and southward; so that no beasts might stand before him, neither was there any that could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and became great.

5And as I was considering, behold, an he goat came from the west on the face of the whole earth, and touched not the ground: and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes.

6And he came to the ram that had two horns, which I had seen standing before the river, and ran unto him in the fury of his power.

7And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with choler against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns: and there was no power in the ram to stand before him, but he cast him down to the ground, and stamped upon him: and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand.

8Therefore the he goat waxed very great: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and for it came up four notable ones toward the four winds of heaven.

9And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the pleasant land.

10And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and it cast down some of the host and of the stars to the ground, and stamped upon them.

11Yea, he magnified himself even to the prince of the host, and by him the daily sacrifice was taken away, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down.

12And an host was given him against the daily sacrifice by reason of transgression, and it cast down the truth to the ground; and it practised, and prospered.

13Then I heard one saint speaking, and another saint said unto that certain saint which spake, How long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice, and the transgression of desolation, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?

14And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred days; then shall the sanctuary be cleansed.

15And it came to pass, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, and sought for the meaning, then, behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man.

16And I heard a man’s voice between the banks of Ulai, which called, and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision.

17So he came near where I stood: and when he came, I was afraid, and fell upon my face: but he said unto me, Understand, O son of man: for at the time of the end shall be the vision.

18Now as he was speaking with me, I was in a deep sleep on my face toward the ground: but he touched me, and set me upright.

19And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the last end of the indignation: for at the time appointed the end shall be.

20The ram which thou sawest having two horns are the kings of Media and Persia.

21And the rough goat is the king of Grecia: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.

22Now that being broken, whereas four stood up for it, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not in his power.

23And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up.

24And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power: and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper, and practise, and shall destroy the mighty and the holy people.

25And through his policy also he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and by peace shall destroy many: he shall also stand up against the Prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand.

26And the vision of the evening and the morning which was told is true: wherefore shut thou up the vision; for it shall be for many days.

27And I Daniel fainted, and was sick certain days; afterward I rose up, and did the king’s business; and I was astonished at the vision, but none understood it.

1In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared unto me, even unto me, Daniel, after that which appeared unto me at the first.

2And I saw in the vision; now it was so, that when I saw, I was in Shushan the palace, which is in the province of Elam; and I saw in the vision, and I was by the river Ulai.

3Then I lifted up mine eyes, and saw, and, behold, there stood before the river a ram which had two horns: and the two horns were high; but one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last.

4I saw the ram pushing westward, and northward, and southward; and no beasts could stand before him, neither was there any that could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and magnified himself.

5And as I was considering, behold, a he-goat came from the west over the face of the whole earth, and touched not the ground: and the goat had a notable horn between his eyes.

6And he came to the ram that had the two horns, which I saw standing before the river, and ran upon him in the fury of his power.

7And I saw him come close unto the ram, and he was moved with anger against him, and smote the ram, and brake his two horns; and there was no power in the ram to stand before him; but he cast him down to the ground, and trampled upon him; and there was none that could deliver the ram out of his hand.

8And the he-goat magnified himself exceedingly: and when he was strong, the great horn was broken; and instead of it there came up four notable [horns] toward the four winds of heaven.

9And out of one of them came forth a little horn, which waxed exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the glorious [land].

10And it waxed great, even to the host of heaven; and some of the host and of the stars it cast down to the ground, and trampled upon them.

11Yea, it magnified itself, even to the prince of the host; and it took away from him the continual [burnt-offering], and the place of his sanctuary was cast down.

12And the host was given over [to it] together with the continual [burnt-offering] through transgression; and it cast down truth to the ground, and it did [its pleasure] and prospered.

13Then I heard a holy one speaking; and another holy one said unto that certain one who spake, How long shall be the vision [concerning] the continual [burnt-offering], and the transgression that maketh desolate, to give both the sanctuary and the host to be trodden under foot?

14And he said unto me, Unto two thousand and three hundred evenings [and] mornings; then shall the sanctuary be cleansed.

15And it came to pass, when I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, that I sought to understand it; and, behold, there stood before me as the appearance of a man.

16And I heard a man`s voice between [the banks of] the Ulai, which called, and said, Gabriel, make this man to understand the vision.

17So he came near where I stood; and when he came, I was affrighted, and fell upon my face: but he said unto me, Understand, O son of man; for the vision belongeth to the time of the end.

18Now as he was speaking with me, I fell into a deep sleep with my face toward the ground; but he touched me, and set me upright.

19And he said, Behold, I will make thee know what shall be in the latter time of the indignation; for it belongeth to the appointed time of the end.

20The ram which thou sawest, that had the two horns, they are the kings of Media and Persia.

21And the rough he-goat is the king of Greece: and the great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.

22And as for that which was broken, in the place whereof four stood up, four kingdoms shall stand up out of the nation, but not with his power.

23And in the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors are come to the full, a king of fierce countenance, and understanding dark sentences, shall stand up.

24And his power shall be mighty, but not by his own power; and he shall destroy wonderfully, and shall prosper and do [his pleasure]; and he shall destroy the mighty ones and the holy people.

25And through his policy he shall cause craft to prosper in his hand; and he shall magnify himself in his heart, and in [their] security shall he destroy many: he shall also stand up against the prince of princes; but he shall be broken without hand.

26And the vision of the evenings and mornings which hath been told is true: but shut thou up the vision; for it belongeth to many days [to come].

27And I, Daniel, fainted, and was sick certain days; then I rose up, and did the king`s business: and I wondered at the vision, but none understood it.

1In the third year of King Belshazzar’s reign, a vision appeared to me, Daniel, after the one that had appeared to me previously.

2In this vision I saw myself in Susa the citadel, which is located in the province of Elam. In the vision I saw myself at the Ulai Canal.

3I looked up and saw a ram with two horns standing at the canal. Its two horns were both long, but one was longer than the other. The longer one was coming up after the shorter one.

4I saw that the ram was butting westward, northward, and southward. No animal was able to stand before it, and there was none who could deliver from its power. It did as it pleased and acted arrogantly.

5While I was contemplating all this, a male goat was coming from the west over the surface of all the land without touching the ground. This goat had a conspicuous horn between its eyes.

6It came to the two-horned ram that I had seen standing beside the canal and rushed against it with raging strength.

7I saw it approaching the ram. It went into a fit of rage against the ram and struck it and broke off its two horns. The ram had no ability to resist it. The goat hurled the ram to the ground and trampled it. No one could deliver the ram from its power.

8The male goat acted even more arrogantly. But no sooner had the large horn become strong than it was broken, and there arose four conspicuous horns in its place, extending toward the four winds of the sky.

9From one of them came a small horn, but it grew to be very great toward the south and the east and toward the beautiful land.

10It grew so great it reached the army of heaven, and it brought about the fall of some of the army and some of the stars to the ground, where it trampled them.

11It also acted arrogantly against the Prince of the army, from whom the daily sacrifice was removed and whose sanctuary was thrown down.

12The army was given over, along with the daily sacrifice, in the course of his sinful rebellion. It hurled truth to the ground and enjoyed success.

13Then I heard a holy one speaking. Another holy one said to the one who was speaking, “To what period of time does the vision pertain—this vision concerning the daily sacrifice and the destructive act of rebellion and the giving over of both the sanctuary and army to be trampled?”

14He said to me, “To 2,300 evenings and mornings; then the sanctuary will be put right again.”

15While I, Daniel, was watching the vision, I sought to understand it. Now one who appeared to be a man was standing before me.

16Then I heard a human voice coming from between the banks of the Ulai. It called out, “Gabriel, enable this person to understand the vision.”

17So he approached the place where I was standing. As he came, I felt terrified and fell flat on the ground. Then he said to me, “Understand, son of man, that the vision pertains to the time of the end.”

18As he spoke with me, I fell into a trance with my face to the ground. But he touched me and stood me upright.

19Then he said, “I am going to inform you about what will happen in the latter time of wrath, for the vision pertains to the appointed time of the end.

20The ram that you saw with the two horns stands for the kings of Media and Persia.

21The male goat is the king of Greece, and the large horn between its eyes is the first king.

22The horn that was broken and in whose place there arose four others stands for four kingdoms that will arise from his nation, though they will not have his strength.

23Toward the end of their rule, when rebellious acts are complete, a rash and deceitful king will arise.

24His power will be great, but it will not be by his strength alone. He will cause terrible destruction. He will be successful in what he undertakes. He will destroy powerful people and the people of the holy ones.

25By his treachery he will succeed through deceit. He will have an arrogant attitude, and he will destroy many who are unaware of his schemes. He will rise up against the Prince of princes, yet he will be broken apart—but not by human agency.

26The vision of the evenings and mornings that was told to you is correct. But you should seal up the vision, for it refers to a time many days from now.”

27I, Daniel, was exhausted and sick for days. Then I got up and again carried out the king’s business. But I was astonished at the vision, and there was no one to explain it.

1In the third year of the reign of king Belshazzar a vision appeared to me, even to me, Daniel, after that which appeared to me at the first.

2I saw the vision. Now it was so, that when I saw, I was in the citadel of Susa, which is in the province of Elam. I saw in the vision, and I was by the river Ulai.

3Then I lifted up my eyes, and saw, and behold, there stood before the river a ram which had two horns. The two horns were high; but one was higher than the other, and the higher came up last.

4I saw the ram pushing westward, northward, and southward. No animals could stand before him. There wasn’t any who could deliver out of his hand; but he did according to his will, and magnified himself.

5As I was considering, behold, a male goat came from the west over the surface of the whole earth, and didn’t touch the ground. The goat had a notable horn between his eyes.

6He came to the ram that had the two horns, which I saw standing before the river, and ran on him in the fury of his power.

7I saw him come close to the ram, and he was moved with anger against him, and struck the ram, and broke his two horns. There was no power in the ram to stand before him; but he cast him down to the ground, and trampled on him. There was no one who could deliver the ram out of his hand.

8The male goat magnified himself exceedingly. When he was strong, the great horn was broken; and instead of it there came up four notable horns toward the four winds of the sky.

9Out of one of them came out a little horn, which grew exceeding great, toward the south, and toward the east, and toward the glorious land.

10It grew great, even to the army of the sky; and it cast down some of the army and of the stars to the ground, and trampled on them.

11Yes, it magnified itself, even to the prince of the army; and it took away from him the continual burnt offering, and the place of his sanctuary was cast down.

12The army was given over to it together with the continual burnt offering through disobedience. It cast down truth to the ground, and it did its pleasure and prospered.

13Then I heard a holy one speaking; and another holy one said to that certain one who spoke, “How long will the vision about the continual burnt offering, and the disobedience that makes desolate, to give both the sanctuary and the army to be trodden under foot be?”

14He said to me, “To two thousand and three hundred evenings and mornings. Then the sanctuary will be cleansed.”

15When I, even I Daniel, had seen the vision, I sought to understand it. Then behold, there stood before me something like the appearance of a man.

16I heard a man’s voice between the banks of the Ulai, which called, and said, “Gabriel, make this man understand the vision.”

17So he came near where I stood; and when he came, I was frightened, and fell on my face; but he said to me, “Understand, son of man; for the vision belongs to the time of the end.”

18Now as he was speaking with me, I fell into a deep sleep with my face toward the ground; but he touched me, and set me upright.

19He said, “Behold, I will make you know what will be in the latter time of the indignation; for it belongs to the appointed time of the end.

20The ram which you saw, that had the two horns, they are the kings of Media and Persia.

21The rough male goat is the king of Greece. The great horn that is between his eyes is the first king.

22As for that which was broken, in the place where four stood up, four kingdoms will stand up out of the nation, but not with his power.

23“In the latter time of their kingdom, when the transgressors have come to the full, a king of fierce face, and understanding dark sentences, will stand up.

24His power will be mighty, but not by his own power. He will destroy awesomely, and will prosper in what he does. He will destroy the mighty ones and the holy people.

25Through his policy he will cause deceit to prosper in his hand. He will magnify himself in his heart, and he will destroy many in their security. He will also stand up against the prince of princes; but he will be broken without hand.

26“The vision of the evenings and mornings which has been told is true; but seal up the vision, for it belongs to many days to come.”

27I, Daniel, fainted, and was sick for some days. Then I rose up, and did the king’s business. I wondered at the vision, but no one understood it.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

In the third year of Belshazzar, Daniel sees a two-horned ram, representing Media and Persia, charging west, north, and south unopposed, until a swift goat with a single great horn, representing Greece, comes from the west and shatters it (vv. 1-7, 20-21). At the height of the goat's power its great horn breaks and four horns rise in its place, representing four kingdoms that follow Alexander (vv. 8, 22). From one of these grows a small horn that grows exceedingly great toward the Beautiful Land, throws down some of the stars, magnifies itself against the Prince of the host, halts the daily sacrifice, and desecrates the sanctuary for 2,300 evenings and mornings before it is finally broken (vv. 9-12, 23-25). Daniel is told this refers to a fierce, deceitful king still far in the future — traditionally identified with Antiochus Epiphanes — and is instructed to seal up the vision, since it concerns a distant time (vv. 17-19, 26). Daniel is left exhausted and troubled by what he has seen (v. 27).

Authorship & Background

Author: Daniel son of nobility, exiled to Babylon in 605 BC. This vision came in Belshazzar's third year (approximately 551 BC). Importantly, chapter 8 returns to Hebrew — the language shifts back because from here forward, the prophecies primarily concern Israel rather than Gentile world powers.
Classification: Apocalyptic Vision / Predictive Prophecy
Key Themes: The Medo-Persian and Greek empires, Alexander the Great, the four successor kingdoms, Antiochus Epiphanes as a type of Antichrist, the desecration and restoration of the temple, the sovereignty of God over future history
Historical Context: This is among the most precisely fulfilled prophecies in Scripture. The ram's two horns (one higher than the other, v.3) represent Media and Persia — with Persia (the higher horn) dominant. The goat "from the west" with a "notable horn" (v.5) is Alexander the Great, who conquered Persia with stunning speed (the goat "touched not the ground," v.5 — flying across the map in just 10 years, 334-323 BC). Alexander's sudden death at 32 ("the great horn was broken," v.8) resulted in his empire splitting among four generals (the four "notable horns"): Cassander (Macedonia), Lysimachus (Thrace/Asia Minor), Seleucus (Syria/East), and Ptolemy (Egypt). From the Seleucid line came Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175-164 BC), who desecrated Jerusalem's temple, erected a statue of Zeus on the altar, sacrificed a pig, and banned Torah observance — provoking the Maccabean revolt. The angel Gabriel himself interprets this vision (v.16) — one of only two Old Testament appearances of Gabriel (the other is 9:21). Gabriel says the vision is "for the time of the end" (v.17), suggesting Antiochus is both a historical figure and a type/ foreshadowing of the end-times Antichrist.
The Ram with Two Horns (vv.1-4): The vision comes in Belshazzar's third year, and the language returns to Hebrew after six chapters of Aramaic. A ram with two horns, one higher than the other, pushes west, north and south with nothing able to stand before it. The two horns are Media and Persia, with Persia the later and higher of the two, which the interpretation confirms at v.20.
The Goat from the West, and the Broken Horn (vv.5-8): A he goat comes from the west with a notable horn between his eyes and touches not the ground — speed is the whole point of the image, and Alexander crossed from Macedonia to the Indus in roughly ten years. He breaks the ram's two horns and none can deliver it. Then the great horn is broken at the height of its strength, Alexander dying at thirty-two, and four horns come up in its place: Cassander in Macedonia, Lysimachus in Thrace, Seleucus in Syria and Ptolemy in Egypt.
The Little Horn and the Trampled Sanctuary (vv.9-12): Out of one of the four comes a little horn that grows toward the pleasant land, magnifies itself against the host of heaven, takes away the daily sacrifice and casts down the place of the sanctuary. From the Seleucid line came Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who set a statue of Zeus on the altar in Jerusalem, sacrificed a pig there and banned the Torah. The prophecy's targets are the sanctuary and the sacrifice rather than the nation's borders.
How Long? Two Thousand Three Hundred Days (vv.13-14): The question is asked by one holy one to another rather than by Daniel: how long shall be the vision concerning the daily sacrifice and the transgression of desolation? The answer, two thousand three hundred days, then the sanctuary shall be cleansed. Whether those are days or half-days, and how they map onto the Maccabean restoration of the temple in 164 BC, is argued — but the terminus is cleansing rather than destruction.
Gabriel Interprets; Daniel Faints (vv.15-27): Gabriel is named here, one of only two places in the Old Testament, the other being 9:21. He identifies the ram and the goat outright as Media-Persia and Greece, then describes a king of fierce countenance who destroys by policy and stands up against the Prince of princes before being broken without hand. That Gabriel says the vision is for the time of the end while describing a second-century king is why many read Antiochus as both a historical figure and a pattern. The chapter closes with Daniel fainting and sick for days, and no one to explain it to.

Map & Geography

  • Persia (v.20): Empire that conquered Babylon; allowed Israel's return from exile.

Places on this map

  • PersiaFars, IranThe empire's ceremonial center was Persepolis in the Iranian highlands, but it governed from Susa and Babylon and ran roads from the Indus to the Aegean. Its scale is the point of Esther's opening: 127 provinces from India to Ethiopia. Wikipedia
  • Babylonnear Hillah, IraqOn the Euphrates about 55 miles south of modern Baghdad. Judah's exiles were marched roughly 900 miles to get here, the long way round the Arabian desert, which is why the journey took months and the return was a genuine undertaking rather than a short trip home. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Daniel 8-12 | The End of the World? | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Antiochus and Antichrist - Daniel 8
David Guzik

Articles

  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Daniel -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Evil Prospers Only for a Measured Time (v.12) — The little horn's success and prosperity are described within a set, limited span of days rather than indefinitely. When you watch injustice or evil seem to thrive, can you rest in the fact that its days are numbered by God, not open-ended?
  • God Sends Understanding When We're Confused (vv.16-17) — Daniel doesn't have to interpret the vision alone; Gabriel is sent specifically to explain it to him. When you're overwhelmed or confused by what you see happening in the world, are you asking God for the understanding He's willing to give?
  • God Names Empires Before They Rise (vv.20-21) — Persia and Greece are identified specifically in this vision centuries before either empire existed in the form described. Whatever powerful force or circumstance looms large over your life right now, can you trust that God already knows its name and its end?
  • Judgment That Needs No Human Hand (v.25) — The little horn's downfall is described as happening "without hand," meaning by God's own action rather than human military force. Are you trusting God to end an oppressive situation in His own way and timing, rather than assuming you must fix it yourself?
  • The Weight of Hard Truth (v.27) — Daniel is left astonished and physically sick for days after receiving this vision of future suffering. If the state of the world weighs heavily on you, do you allow yourself to feel that weight honestly before turning back to God?