Jonah — Chapter 4
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1Jonah, however, was greatly displeased, and he became angry.
2So he prayed to the LORD, saying, “O LORD, is this not what I said while I was still in my own country? This is why I was so quick to flee toward Tarshish. I knew that You are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger, abounding in loving devotion—One who relents from sending disaster.
3And now, O LORD, please take my life from me, for it is better for me to die than to live.”
4But the LORD replied, “Have you any right to be angry?”
5Then Jonah left the city and sat down east of it, where he made himself a shelter and sat in its shade to see what would happen to the city.
6So the LORD God appointed a vine, and it grew up to provide shade over Jonah’s head to ease his discomfort, and Jonah was greatly pleased with the plant.
7When dawn came the next day, God appointed a worm that attacked the plant so that it withered.
8As the sun was rising, God appointed a scorching east wind, and the sun beat down on Jonah’s head so that he grew faint and wished to die, saying, “It is better for me to die than to live.”
9Then God asked Jonah, “Have you any right to be angry about the plant?” “I do,” he replied. “I am angry enough to die!”
10But the LORD said, “You cared about the plant, which you neither tended nor made grow. It sprang up in a night and perished in a night.
11So should I not care about the great city of Nineveh, which has more than 120,000 people who cannot tell their right hand from their left, and many cattle as well?”
1But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was very angry.
2And he prayed unto the LORD, and said, I pray thee, O LORD, was not this my saying, when I was yet in my country? Therefore I fled before unto Tarshish: for I knew that thou art a gracious God, and merciful, slow to anger, and of great kindness, and repentest thee of the evil.
3Therefore now, O LORD, take, I beseech thee, my life from me; for it is better for me to die than to live.
4Then said the LORD, Doest thou well to be angry?
5So Jonah went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there made him a booth, and sat under it in the shadow, till he might see what would become of the city.
6And the LORD God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shadow over his head, to deliver him from his grief. So Jonah was exceeding glad of the gourd.
7But God prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it smote the gourd that it withered.
8And it came to pass, when the sun did arise, that God prepared a vehement east wind; and the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and wished in himself to die, and said, It is better for me to die than to live.
9And God said to Jonah, Doest thou well to be angry for the gourd? And he said, I do well to be angry, even unto death.
10Then said the LORD, Thou hast had pity on the gourd, for the which thou hast not laboured, neither madest it grow; which came up in a night, and perished in a night:
11And should not I spare Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more than sixscore thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand; and also much cattle?
1But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was angry.
2And he prayed unto Jehovah, and said, I pray thee, O Jehovah, was not this my saying, when I was yet in my country? Therefore I hasted to flee unto Tarshish; for I knew that thou art a gracious God, and merciful, slow to anger, and abundant in lovingkindness, and repentest thee of the evil.
3Therefore now, O Jehovah, take, I beseech thee, my life from me; for it is better for me to die than to live.
4And Jehovah said, Doest thou well to be angry?
5Then Jonah went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there made him a booth, and sat under it in the shade, till he might see what would become of the city.
6And Jehovah God prepared a gourd, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over his head, to deliver him from his evil case. So Jonah was exceeding glad because of the gourd.
7But God prepared a worm when the morning rose the next day, and it smote the gourd, that it withered.
8And it came to pass, when the sun arose, that God prepared a sultry east wind; and the sun beat upon the head of Jonah, that he fainted, and requested for himself that he might die, and said, It is better for me to die than to live.
9And God said to Jonah, Doest thou well to be angry for the gourd? And he said, I do well to be angry, even unto death.
10And Jehovah said, Thou hast had regard for the gourd, for which thou hast not labored, neither madest it grow; which came up in a night, and perished in a night:
11and should not I have regard for Nineveh, that great city, wherein are more than sixscore thousand persons that cannot discern between their right hand and their left hand; and also much cattle?
1This displeased Jonah terribly and he became very angry.
2He prayed to the Lord and said, “Oh, Lord, this is just what I thought would happen when I was in my own country. This is what I tried to prevent by attempting to escape to Tarshish, because I knew that you are a gracious and compassionate God, slow to anger and abounding in mercy, and one who relents concerning threatened judgment.
3So now, Lord, kill me instead, because I would rather die than live!”
4The Lord said, “Are you really so very angry?”
5Jonah left the city and sat down east of it. He made a shelter for himself there and sat down under it in the shade to see what would happen to the city.
6The Lord God appointed a little plant and caused it to grow up over Jonah to be a shade over his head to rescue him from his misery. Now Jonah was very delighted about the little plant.
7So God sent a worm at dawn the next day, and it attacked the little plant so that it dried up.
8When the sun began to shine, God sent a hot east wind. So the sun beat down on Jonah’s head, and he grew faint. So he despaired of life and said, “I would rather die than live!”
9God said to Jonah, “Are you really so very angry about the little plant?” And he said, “I am as angry as I could possibly be!”
10The Lord said, “You were upset about this little plant, something for which you did not work, nor did you do anything to make it grow. It grew up overnight and died the next day.
11Should I not be more concerned about Nineveh, this enormous city? There are more than 120,000 people in it who do not know right from wrong, as well as many animals.”
1But it displeased Jonah exceedingly, and he was angry.
2He prayed to Yahweh, and said, “Please, Yahweh, wasn’t this what I said when I was still in my own country? Therefore I hurried to flee to Tarshish, for I knew that you are a gracious God, and merciful, slow to anger, and abundant in loving kindness, and you relent of doing harm.
3Therefore now, Yahweh, take, I beg you, my life from me; for it is better for me to die than to live.”
4Yahweh said, “Is it right for you to be angry?”
5Then Jonah went out of the city, and sat on the east side of the city, and there made himself a booth, and sat under it in the shade, until he might see what would become of the city.
6Yahweh God prepared a vine, and made it to come up over Jonah, that it might be a shade over his head, to deliver him from his discomfort. So Jonah was exceedingly glad because of the vine.
7But God prepared a worm at dawn the next day, and it chewed on the vine, so that it withered.
8When the sun arose, God prepared a sultry east wind; and the sun beat on Jonah’s head, so that he fainted, and requested for himself that he might die, and said, “It is better for me to die than to live.”
9God said to Jonah, “Is it right for you to be angry about the vine?” He said, “I am right to be angry, even to death.”
10Yahweh said, “You have been concerned for the vine, for which you have not labored, neither made it grow; which came up in a night, and perished in a night.
11Shouldn’t I be concerned for Nineveh, that great city, in which are more than one hundred twenty thousand persons who can’t discern between their right hand and their left hand; and also much livestock?”
Summary
Jonah is greatly displeased that God showed mercy to Nineveh, admitting in prayer that this is exactly why he fled toward Tarshish, since he knew God to be gracious, compassionate, and slow to anger, and he asks to die rather than live (vv. 1-3). When the LORD questions his anger, Jonah goes outside the city to watch what will happen, and God appoints a plant to shade him, which pleases him greatly, only for a worm to attack it the next day so that it withers (vv. 4-7). As the sun and a scorching wind beat down on him, Jonah again wishes to die, and when God asks if he is right to be angry about the plant, Jonah insists he is (vv. 8-9). The LORD then reasons that if Jonah can care about a plant he did nothing to grow, God can rightly have compassion on Nineveh, a city of more than 120,000 people who do not know right from wrong (vv. 10-11).
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
- Joppa (modern Jaffa/Tel Aviv) — Mediterranean port city where Jonah boards a ship fleeing God's call.
- Tarshish (likely Tartessus in modern Spain) — the farthest west one could sail; the exact OPPOSITE direction from Nineveh.
- Nineveh (modern Mosul, Iraq) — capital of the Assyrian Empire, located on the Tigris River, approximately 500 miles northeast of Israel.
Places on this map
- Mediterranean SeaCalled simply the Great Sea, and treated as the western edge of the world. Israel's coast has almost no natural harbours, so for most of its history the sea was a boundary rather than a road, and seafaring was left to the Phoenicians. Wikipedia
- Tarshishprobably southern SpainUsually identified with Tartessos near the mouth of the Guadalquivir in southern Spain, at the far western end of the Phoenician trade routes, though the identification is not certain. Either way it meant the end of the known world, and it lies almost exactly opposite Nineveh from Joppa. Wikipedia
- NinevehMosul, IraqAssyria's last capital, on the east bank of the Tigris across from modern Mosul, about 500 miles north-east of Israel. Sennacherib walled in an enormous city here, which is the scale behind Jonah's three days' journey and its 120,000 who cannot tell right from left. Wikipedia
- TigrisTurkey, Syria, IraqThe faster and shorter of Mesopotamia's two rivers, running about 1,150 miles from eastern Turkey to join the Euphrates near the Gulf. Nineveh, Calah and Asshur all sat on it, and Daniel received his last vision on its bank. Wikipedia
- JoppaJaffa, Tel Aviv, IsraelThe one usable harbour on Israel's straight coast, a rock shelf with a gap in it, dangerous but workable. Cedar for both temples was landed here, Jonah sailed from here, and Peter saw his vision on a roof here. Wikipedia
- Assyrianorthern IraqThe upper Tigris heartland around Nineveh, Calah and Asshur. Its armies reached Israel by following the Fertile Crescent north-west and then south down the coast, so the threat always arrived from the north even though Assyria lay to the east. Wikipedia
Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.
Commentary
- Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Verse-by-verse commentary on this chapter, written for the everyday reader and freely available online.
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
- Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.
Videos
Articles
- GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Jonah -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.
Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.
Reflection
- Right Theology, Wrong Heart (v.2) — Jonah knows exactly who God is — gracious, slow to anger, abounding in mercy — and resents Him for it. Can you know the truth about God's character and still be angry when He actually lives it out toward someone you don't think deserves it?
- An Honest Question About Anger (v.4) — God doesn't rebuke Jonah outright; He simply asks whether his anger is justified. Would your own anger survive God asking you that same question?
- Grieving Comfort More Than People (vv.6-8) — Jonah mourns the loss of a shade plant more intensely than he ever mourned the fate of an entire city. Do you find yourself more upset over lost convenience than over people who are genuinely lost?
- God's Unanswered Question (v.11) — The book ends without Jonah's response, leaving God's question about compassion for Nineveh hanging in the air for every reader. Who is the "Nineveh" in your life that you'd rather see judged than shown mercy?