Micah — Chapter 6

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1Hear now what the LORD says: “Arise, plead your case before the mountains, and let the hills hear your voice.

2Hear, O mountains, the LORD’s indictment, you enduring foundations of the earth. For the LORD has a case against His people, and He will argue it against Israel:

3‘My people, what have I done to you? Testify against Me how I have wearied you!

4For I brought you up from the land of Egypt and redeemed you from the house of slavery. I sent Moses before you, as well as Aaron and Miriam.

5My people, remember what Balak king of Moab counseled and what Balaam son of Beor answered. Remember your journey from Shittim to Gilgal, so that you may acknowledge the righteousness of the LORD.’”

6With what shall I come before the LORD when I bow before the God on high? Should I come to Him with burnt offerings, with year-old calves?

7Would the LORD be pleased with thousands of rams, with ten thousand rivers of oil? Shall I present my firstborn for my transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?

8He has shown you, O man, what is good. And what does the LORD require of you but to act justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God?

9The voice of the LORD calls out to the city (and it is sound wisdom to fear Your name): “Heed the rod and the One who ordained it.

10Can I forget any longer, O house of the wicked, the treasures of wickedness and the short ephah, which is accursed?

11Can I excuse dishonest scales or bags of false weights?

12For the wealthy of the city are full of violence, and its residents speak lies; their tongues are deceitful in their mouths.

13Therefore I am striking you severely, to ruin you because of your sins.

14You will eat but not be satisfied, and your hunger will remain with you. What you acquire, you will not preserve; and what you save, I will give to the sword.

15You will sow but not reap; you will press olives but not anoint yourselves with oil; you will tread grapes but not drink the wine.

16You have kept the statutes of Omri and all the practices of Ahab’s house; you have followed their counsel. Therefore I will make you a desolation, and your inhabitants an object of contempt; you will bear the scorn of the nations.”

1Hear ye now what the LORD saith; Arise, contend thou before the mountains, and let the hills hear thy voice.

2Hear ye, O mountains, the LORD’S controversy, and ye strong foundations of the earth: for the LORD hath a controversy with his people, and he will plead with Israel.

3O my people, what have I done unto thee? and wherein have I wearied thee? testify against me.

4For I brought thee up out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed thee out of the house of servants; and I sent before thee Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.

5O my people, remember now what Balak king of Moab consulted, and what Balaam the son of Beor answered him from Shittim unto Gilgal; that ye may know the righteousness of the LORD.

6Wherewith shall I come before the LORD, and bow myself before the high God? shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves of a year old?

7Will the LORD be pleased with thousands of rams, or with ten thousands of rivers of oil? shall I give my firstborn for my transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?

8He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God?

9The LORD’S voice crieth unto the city, and the man of wisdom shall see thy name: hear ye the rod, and who hath appointed it.

10Are there yet the treasures of wickedness in the house of the wicked, and the scant measure that is abominable?

11Shall I count them pure with the wicked balances, and with the bag of deceitful weights?

12For the rich men thereof are full of violence, and the inhabitants thereof have spoken lies, and their tongue is deceitful in their mouth.

13Therefore also will I make thee sick in smiting thee, in making thee desolate because of thy sins.

14Thou shalt eat, but not be satisfied; and thy casting down shall be in the midst of thee; and thou shalt take hold, but shalt not deliver; and that which thou deliverest will I give up to the sword.

15Thou shalt sow, but thou shalt not reap; thou shalt tread the olives, but thou shalt not anoint thee with oil; and sweet wine, but shalt not drink wine.

16For the statutes of Omri are kept, and all the works of the house of Ahab, and ye walk in their counsels; that I should make thee a desolation, and the inhabitants thereof an hissing: therefore ye shall bear the reproach of my people.

1Hear ye now what Jehovah saith: Arise, contend thou before the mountains, and let the hills hear thy voice.

2Hear, O ye mountains, Jehovah`s controversy, and ye enduring foundations of the earth; for Jehovah hath a controversy with his people, and he will contend with Israel.

3O my people, what have I done unto thee? and wherein have I wearied thee? testify against me.

4For I brought thee up out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed thee out of the house of bondage; and I sent before thee Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.

5O my people, remember now what Balak king of Moab devised, and what Balaam the son of Beor answered him; [remember] from Shittim unto Gilgal, that ye may know the righteous acts of Jehovah.

6Wherewith shall I come before Jehovah, and bow myself before the high God? shall I come before him with burnt-offerings, with calves a year old?

7will Jehovah be pleased with thousands of rams, [or] with ten thousands of rivers of oil? shall I give my first-born for my transgression, the fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?

8He hath showed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth Jehovah require of thee, but to do justly, and to love kindness, and to walk humbly with thy God?

9The voice of Jehovah crieth unto the city, and [the man of] wisdom will see thy name: hear ye the rod, and who hath appointed it.

10Are there yet treasures of wickedness in the house of the wicked, and a scant measure that is abominable?

11Shall I be pure with wicked balances, and with a bag of deceitful weights?

12For the rich men thereof are full of violence, and the inhabitants thereof have spoken lies, and their tongue is deceitful in their mouth.

13Therefore I also have smitten thee with a grievous wound; I have made thee desolate because of thy sins.

14Thou shalt eat, but not be satisfied; and thy humiliation shall be in the midst of thee: and thou shalt put away, but shalt not save; and that which thou savest will I give up to the sword.

15Thou shalt sow, but shalt not reap; thou shalt tread the olives, but shalt not anoint thee with oil; and the vintage, but shalt not drink the wine.

16For the statutes of Omri are kept, and all the works of the house of Ahab, and ye walk in their counsels; that I may make thee a desolation, and the inhabitants thereof a hissing: and ye shall bear the reproach of my people.

1Listen to what the Lord says: “Get up! Defend yourself before the mountains. Present your case before the hills.”

2Hear the Lord’s accusation, you mountains, you enduring foundations of the earth. For the Lord has a case against his people; he has a dispute with Israel!

3“My people, how have I wronged you? How have I wearied you? Answer me!

4In fact, I brought you up from the land of Egypt; I delivered you from that place of slavery. I sent Moses, Aaron, and Miriam to lead you.

5My people, recall how King Balak of Moab planned to harm you, how Balaam son of Beor responded to him. Recall how you journeyed from Shittim to Gilgal, so you might acknowledge that the Lord has treated you fairly.”

6With what should I enter the Lord’s presence? With what should I bow before the sovereign God? Should I enter his presence with burnt offerings, with year-old calves?

7Will the Lord accept a thousand rams or ten thousand streams of olive oil? Should I give him my firstborn child as payment for my rebellion, my offspring—my own flesh and blood—for my sin?

8He has told you, O man, what is good, and what the Lord really wants from you: He wants you to carry out justice, to love faithfulness, and to live obediently before your God.

9Listen! The Lord is calling to the city! It is wise to respect your authority, O Lord. Listen, O nation, and those assembled in the city!

10“I will not overlook, O sinful house, the dishonest gain you have hoarded away or the smaller-than-standard measure I hate so much.

11I do not condone the use of rigged scales or a bag of deceptive weights.

12The city’s wealthy people readily resort to violence; her inhabitants tell lies; their tongues speak deceptive words.

13I will strike you brutally and destroy you because of your sin.

14You will eat, but not be satisfied. Even if you have the strength to overtake some prey, you will not be able to carry it away; if you do happen to carry away something, I will deliver it over to the sword.

15You will plant crops, but will not harvest them; you will squeeze oil from the olives, but you will have no oil to rub on your bodies; you will squeeze juice from the grapes, but you will have no wine to drink.

16You follow Omri’s edicts and all the practices of Ahab’s dynasty; you follow their policies. Therefore I will make you an appalling sight; the city’s inhabitants will be taunted derisively, and nations will mock all of you.”

1Listen now to what Yahweh says: “Arise, plead your case before the mountains, and let the hills hear what you have to say.

2Hear, you mountains, Yahweh’s controversy, and you enduring foundations of the earth; for Yahweh has a controversy with his people, and he will contend with Israel.

3My people, what have I done to you? How have I burdened you? Answer me!

4For I brought you up out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage. I sent before you Moses, Aaron, and Miriam.

5My people, remember now what Balak king of Moab devised, and what Balaam the son of Beor answered him from Shittim to Gilgal, that you may know the righteous acts of Yahweh.”

6How shall I come before Yahweh, and bow myself before the exalted God? Shall I come before him with burnt offerings, with calves a year old?

7Will Yahweh be pleased with thousands of rams? With tens of thousands of rivers of oil? Shall I give my firstborn for my disobedience? The fruit of my body for the sin of my soul?

8He has shown you, O man, what is good. What does Yahweh require of you, but to act justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with your God?

9Yahweh’s voice calls to the city, and wisdom sees your name: “Listen to the rod, and he who appointed it.

10Are there yet treasures of wickedness in the house of the wicked, and a short ephah that is accursed?

11Shall I be pure with dishonest scales, and with a bag of deceitful weights?

12Her rich men are full of violence, her inhabitants speak lies, and their tongue is deceitful in their speech.

13Therefore I also have struck you with a grievous wound. I have made you desolate because of your sins.

14You shall eat, but not be satisfied. Your humiliation will be within you. You will store up, but not save; and that which you save I will give up to the sword.

15You will sow, but won’t reap. You will tread the olives, but won’t anoint yourself with oil; and crush grapes, but won’t drink the wine.

16For the statutes of Omri are kept, and all the works of Ahab’s house. You walk in their counsels, that I may make you a ruin, and her inhabitants a hissing; And you will bear the reproach of my people.”

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

The Lord summons Israel to trial before the mountains and hills, asking what He has done to weary them and recalling how He delivered them from Egypt and guided them safely past Balak and Balaam (vv. 1-5). Israel wonders what sacrifice could satisfy God — burnt offerings, thousands of rams, even a firstborn child — but the Lord's true requirement is simply to act justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with Him (vv. 6-8). He then indicts the city for dishonest scales, deceitful weights, violence, and lying, warning that sickness and desolation are coming because of their sins (vv. 9-13). They will eat without being filled, sow without reaping, and press olives and grapes without enjoying the oil or wine, because they have followed the corrupt ways of kings Omri and Ahab, bringing reproach on themselves (vv. 14-16).

Authorship & Background

Author: Micah of Moresheth. Prophesied approximately 735-700 BC to both Israel and Judah. Contemporary with Isaiah. Key theme: social justice, true religion, and Messianic hope. Famous verses: 'But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah... out of thee shall he come forth' (5:2) and 'What doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God?' (6:8).
Classification: Covenant Lawsuit — God's Case Against His People
Key Themes: God's controversy with Israel, true vs. false worship, the requirements of God, social corruption, futility curses, what God truly desires
Historical Context: Chapter 6 employs the literary form of a "covenant lawsuit" (Hebrew: rib)—a legal proceeding in which God brings His case against His covenant people. The mountains and foundations of the earth are summoned as witnesses (vv. 1-2), echoing the ancient Near Eastern practice of calling cosmic witnesses to treaty violations. This is not God as distant judge but as grieved covenant partner asking, "What have I done to you?" God rehearses His saving acts—the exodus, the gift of Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, and the deliverance from Balak and Balaam (vv. 3-5). Against this backdrop of relentless grace, the people's unfaithfulness becomes inexcusable. The people then ask what they should bring to appease God—escalating from burnt offerings to thousands of rams to rivers of oil to even their firstborn children (vv. 6-7). The answer comes in verse 8—one of the most famous and beloved verses in the entire Old Testament. God does not want more elaborate rituals or extreme sacrifices. He requires justice in dealings with others, mercy (hesed—covenant love) as a way of life, and humble walk with Him. This is the essence of true religion, stripped of all pretense and performance.
The LORD's Case: Hear, O Mountains (vv.1-2): The chapter takes the form of a covenant lawsuit, and the mountains and the strong foundations of the earth are summoned as witnesses. Calling on cosmic witnesses to a treaty violation was standard practice in ancient Near Eastern agreements, so the form would have been recognized at once. God is both plaintiff and the one with a controversy with his people.
What Have I Done to Thee? The Saving Acts Rehearsed (vv.3-5): The opening question is not an accusation but an invitation: O my people, what have I done unto thee, and wherein have I wearied thee? testify against me. Then the evidence for the prosecution turns out to be a list of kindnesses — brought up out of Egypt, redeemed from the house of servants, sent Moses, Aaron and Miriam, and what happened with Balak and Balaam. Against that record the unfaithfulness has no explanation left.
Shall I Come with Burnt Offerings? (vv.6-7): The people's reply escalates absurdly: burnt offerings, calves of a year old, then thousands of rams, then ten thousand rivers of oil, then a firstborn child. Each bid raises the price on the assumption that quantity is the problem. The last offer, my firstborn for my transgression, was something the surrounding nations actually did and Israel was expressly forbidden, so the question has gone badly wrong before it is answered.
He Hath Shewed Thee What Is Good (v.8): The answer is one verse and it asks for less rather than more: do justly, love mercy, and walk humbly with thy God. The middle term is hesed, covenant loyalty, so it is love owed rather than felt. Nothing in the list is a ritual, which is the point after two verses of escalating sacrifice — what was already shown to them did not need buying.
Wicked Balances, and the Futility Curses (vv.9-16): The specifics return to commerce: the scant measure, the wicked balances, the bag of deceitful weights. Then a series of curses shaped as futility — eat and not be satisfied, sow and not reap, tread olives and not anoint, make wine and not drink. Effort without result, which is the covenant sanction of Deuteronomy 28. The chapter ends by naming the statutes of Omri and the works of Ahab's house, so Judah is being told it has adopted the north's playbook.

Map & Geography

  • Egypt (v.4): Land to the southwest; place of Israel's bondage and exodus.
  • Moab (v.5): Land east of the Dead Sea; often in conflict with Israel.

Places on this map

  • EgyptEgyptA ribbon of irrigated land along the Nile, ending in the Delta where Israel settled in Goshen. Rain-fed Canaan depended on weather; Egypt depended on a river that flooded on schedule, which made it the place everyone went when the harvest failed. Wikipedia
  • Moabwest-central JordanThe plateau east of the Dead Sea, cut off from Israel by the rift valley and from Ammon by the Arnon gorge. High enough to farm grain, which is why Naomi's family went there in a famine. Wikipedia
  • Dead SeaIsrael / JordanThe lowest exposed ground on earth, about 1,400 feet below sea level, and roughly ten times saltier than the ocean because water leaves only by evaporation. Nothing lives in it, which is the image Ezekiel 47 overturns when he has it filled with fish. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Verse-by-verse commentary on this chapter, written for the everyday reader and freely available online.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Micah 6-7 | Do Justice, Love Mercy | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

He Has Shown You - Micah 6:8
David Guzik

Articles

  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Micah -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • A Question That Invites Honest Reflection (v.3) — God asks His people directly what He has done to wear them out, inviting them to actually answer rather than assume He's failed them. When you feel distant from God, have you honestly asked whether the drift started with Him or with you?
  • Trying to Buy What Can Only Be Given (vv.6-7) — the people escalate from calves to thousands of rams to their own firstborn, still missing that God was never asking for bigger sacrifices. Are you trying to earn God's favor through effort or performance instead of simply walking with Him?
  • What God Actually Requires (v.8) — God's answer isn't more ritual but a life of justice, mercy, and humility before Him. Which of those three — justice, mercy, or humility — is the one you most need to grow in right now?
  • Integrity in the Small, Unseen Transactions (vv.10-11) — Micah condemns rigged scales and dishonest measures, the small daily cheats that ordinary worshipers thought no one would notice. Where does your everyday conduct — at work, in small dealings — quietly contradict what you claim to believe on Sunday?