1 Kings — Chapter 10

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1And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon concerning the name of the LORD, she came to prove him with hard questions.

2And she came to Jerusalem with a very great train, with camels that bare spices, and very much gold, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her heart.

3And Solomon told her all her questions: there was not any thing hid from the king, which he told her not.

4And when the queen of Sheba had seen all Solomon’s wisdom, and the house that he had built,

5And the meat of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and their apparel, and his cupbearers, and his ascent by which he went up unto the house of the LORD; there was no more spirit in her.

6And she said to the king, It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom.

7Howbeit I believed not the words, until I came, and mine eyes had seen it: and, behold, the half was not told me: thy wisdom and prosperity exceedeth the fame which I heard.

8Happy are thy men, happy are these thy servants, which stand continually before thee, and that hear thy wisdom.

9Blessed be the LORD thy God, which delighted in thee, to set thee on the throne of Israel: because the LORD loved Israel for ever, therefore made he thee king, to do judgment and justice.

10And she gave the king an hundred and twenty talents of gold, and of spices very great store, and precious stones: there came no more such abundance of spices as these which the queen of Sheba gave to king Solomon.

11And the navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir, brought in from Ophir great plenty of almug trees, and precious stones.

12And the king made of the almug trees pillars for the house of the LORD, and for the king’s house, harps also and psalteries for singers: there came no such almug trees, nor were seen unto this day.

13And king Solomon gave unto the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatsoever she asked, beside that which Solomon gave her of his royal bounty. So she turned and went to her own country, she and her servants.

14Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred threescore and six talents of gold.

15Beside that he had of the merchantmen, and of the traffick of the spice merchants, and of all the kings of Arabia, and of the governors of the country.

16And king Solomon made two hundred targets of beaten gold: six hundred shekels of gold went to one target.

17And he made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three pound of gold went to one shield: and the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon.

18Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the best gold.

19The throne had six steps, and the top of the throne was round behind: and there were stays on either side on the place of the seat, and two lions stood beside the stays.

20And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps: there was not the like made in any kingdom.

21And all king Solomon’s drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold; none were of silver: it was nothing accounted of in the days of Solomon.

22For the king had at sea a navy of Tharshish with the navy of Hiram: once in three years came the navy of Tharshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.

23So king Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth for riches and for wisdom.

24And all the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart.

25And they brought every man his present, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and garments, and armour, and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year.

26And Solomon gathered together chariots and horsemen: and he had a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, whom he bestowed in the cities for chariots, and with the king at Jerusalem.

27And the king made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and cedars made he to be as the sycomore trees that are in the vale, for abundance.

28And Solomon had horses brought out of Egypt, and linen yarn: the king’s merchants received the linen yarn at a price.

29And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred shekels of silver, and an horse for an hundred and fifty: and so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, did they bring them out by their means.

1And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon concerning the name of Jehovah, she came to prove him with hard questions.

2And she came to Jerusalem with a very great train, with camels that bare spices, and very much gold, and precious stones; and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her heart.

3And Solomon told her all her questions: there was not anything hid from the king which he told her not.

4And when the queen of Sheba had seen all the wisdom of Solomon, and the house that he had built,

5and the food of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and their apparel, and his cupbearers, and his ascent by which he went up unto the house of Jehovah; there was no more spirit in her.

6And she said to the king, It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thine acts, and of thy wisdom.

7Howbeit I believed not the words, until I came, and mine eyes had seen it: and, behold, the half was not told me; thy wisdom and prosperity exceed the fame which I heard.

8Happy are thy men, happy are these thy servants, that stand continually before thee, [and] that hear thy wisdom.

9Blessed be Jehovah thy God, who delighted in thee, to set thee on the throne of Israel: because Jehovah loved Israel for ever, therefore made he thee king, to do justice and righteousness.

10And she gave the king a hundred and twenty talents of gold, and of spices very great store, and precious stones: there came no more such abundance of spices as these which the queen of Sheba gave to king Solomon.

11And the navy also of Hiram, that brought gold from Ophir, brought in from Ophir great plenty of almug-trees and precious stones.

12And the king made of the almug-trees pillars for the house of Jehovah, and for the king`s house, harps also and psalteries for the singers: there came no such almug-trees, nor were seen, unto this day.

13And king Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatsoever she asked, besides that which Solomon gave her of his royal bounty. So she turned, and went to her own land, she and her servants.

14Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred threescore and six talents of gold,

15besides [that which] the traders [brought], and the traffic of the merchants, and of all the kings of the mingled people, and of the governors of the country.

16And king Solomon made two hundred bucklers of beaten gold; six hundred [shekels] of gold went to one buckler.

17And [he made] three hundred shields of beaten gold; three pounds of gold went to one shield: and the king put them in the house of the forest of Lebanon.

18Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the finest gold.

19There were six steps to the throne, and the top of the throne was round behind; and there were stays on either side by the place of the seat, and two lions standing beside the stays.

20And twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other upon the six steps: there was not the like made in any kingdom.

21And all king Solomon`s drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the house of the forest of Lebanon were of pure gold: none were of silver; it was nothing accounted of in the days of Solomon.

22For the king had at sea a navy of Tarshish with the navy of Hiram: once every three years came the navy of Tarshish, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.

23So king Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth in riches and in wisdom.

24And all the earth sought the presence of Solomon, to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart.

25And they brought every man his tribute, vessels of silver, and vessels of gold, and raiment, and armor, and spices, horses, and mules, a rate year by year.

26And Solomon gathered together chariots and horsemen: and he had a thousand and four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, that he bestowed in the chariot cities, and with the king at Jerusalem.

27And the king made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and cedars made he to be as the sycomore-trees that are in the lowland, for abundance.

28And the horses which Solomon had were brought out of Egypt; and the king`s merchants received them in droves, each drove at a price.

29And a chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred [shekels] of silver, and a horse for a hundred and fifty; and so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings of Syria, did they bring them out by their means.

1When the queen of Sheba heard about Solomon, she came to challenge him with difficult questions.

2She arrived in Jerusalem with a great display of pomp, bringing with her camels carrying spices, a very large quantity of gold, and precious gems. She visited Solomon and discussed with him everything that was on her mind.

3Solomon answered all her questions; there was no question too complex for the king.

4When the queen of Sheba saw for herself Solomon’s extensive wisdom, the palace he had built,

5the food in his banquet hall, his servants and attendants, their robes, his cupbearers, and his burnt offerings which he presented in the Lord’s temple, she was amazed.

6She said to the king, “The report I heard in my own country about your wise sayings and insight was true!

7I did not believe these things until I came and saw them with my own eyes. Indeed, I didn’t hear even half the story! Your wisdom and wealth surpass what was reported to me.

8Your attendants, who stand before you at all times and hear your wise sayings, are truly happy!

9May the Lord your God be praised because he favored you by placing you on the throne of Israel! Because of the Lord’s eternal love for Israel, he made you king so you could make just and right decisions.”

10She gave the king 120 talents of gold, a very large quantity of spices, and precious gems. The quantity of spices the queen of Sheba gave King Solomon has never been matched.

11(Hiram’s fleet, which carried gold from Ophir, also brought from Ophir a very large quantity of fine timber and precious gems.

12With the timber the king made supports for the Lord’s temple and for the royal palace and stringed instruments for the musicians. No one has seen so much of this fine timber to this very day.)

13King Solomon gave the queen of Sheba everything she requested, besides what he had freely offered her. Then she left and returned to her homeland with her attendants.

14Solomon received 666 talents of gold per year,

15besides what he collected from the merchants, traders, Arabian kings, and governors of the land.

16King Solomon made 200 large shields of hammered gold; 600 measures of gold were used for each shield.

17He also made 300 small shields of hammered gold; three minas of gold were used for each of these shields. The king placed them in the Palace of the Lebanon Forest.

18The king made a large throne decorated with ivory and overlaid it with pure gold.

19There were six steps leading up to the throne, and the back of it was rounded on top. The throne had two armrests with a statue of a lion standing on each side.

20There were 12 statues of lions on the six steps, one lion at each end of each step. There was nothing like it in any other kingdom.

21All of King Solomon’s cups were made of gold, and all the household items in the Palace of the Lebanon Forest were made of pure gold. There were no silver items, for silver was not considered very valuable in Solomon’s time.

22Along with Hiram’s fleet, the king had a fleet of large merchant ships that sailed the sea. Once every three years the fleet came into port with cargoes of gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.

23King Solomon was wealthier and wiser than any of the kings of the earth.

24Everyone in the world wanted to visit Solomon to see him display his God-given wisdom.

25Year after year visitors brought their gifts, which included items of silver, items of gold, clothes, perfume, spices, horses, and mules.

26Solomon accumulated chariots and horses. He had 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horses. He kept them in assigned cities and in Jerusalem.

27The king made silver as plentiful in Jerusalem as stones; cedar was as plentiful as sycamore fig trees are in the foothills.

28Solomon acquired his horses from Egypt and from Que; the king’s traders purchased them from Que.

29They paid 600 silver pieces for each chariot from Egypt and 150 silver pieces for each horse. They also sold chariots and horses to all the kings of the Hittites and to the kings of Syria.

1When the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon concerning Yahweh’s name, she came to test him with hard questions.

2She came to Jerusalem with a very great caravan, with camels that bore spices, very much gold, and precious stones; and when she had come to Solomon, she talked with him about all that was in her heart.

3Solomon answered all her questions. There was not anything hidden from the king which he didn’t tell her.

4When the queen of Sheba had seen all the wisdom of Solomon, the house that he had built,

5the food of his table, the sitting of his servants, the attendance of his officials, their clothing, his cup bearers, and his ascent by which he went up to Yahweh’s house; there was no more spirit in her.

6She said to the king, “It was a true report that I heard in my own land of your acts, and of your wisdom.

7However I didn’t believe the words until I came and my eyes had seen it. Behold, not even half was told me! Your wisdom and prosperity exceed the fame which I heard.

8Happy are your men, happy are these your servants, who stand continually before you, who hear your wisdom.

9Blessed is Yahweh your God, who delighted in you, to set you on the throne of Israel. Because Yahweh loved Israel forever, therefore he made you king, to do justice and righteousness.”

10She gave the king one hundred twenty talents of gold, and a very great quantity of spices, and precious stones. Never again was there such an abundance of spices as these which the queen of Sheba gave to king Solomon.

11The fleet of Hiram that brought gold from Ophir, also brought in from Ophir great quantities of almug trees and precious stones.

12The king made of the almug trees pillars for Yahweh’s house, and for the king’s house, harps also and stringed instruments for the singers; no such almug trees came or were seen, to this day.

13King Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba all her desire, whatever she asked, besides that which Solomon gave her of his royal bounty. So she turned and went to her own land, she and her servants.

14Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon in one year was six hundred sixty-six talents of gold,

15besides that which the traders brought, and the traffic of the merchants, and of all the kings of the mixed people, and of the governors of the country.

16King Solomon made two hundred bucklers of beaten gold; six hundred shekels of gold went to one buckler.

17he made three hundred shields of beaten gold; three minas of gold went to one shield; and the king put them in the House of the Forest of Lebanon.

18Moreover the king made a great throne of ivory, and overlaid it with the finest gold.

19There were six steps to the throne, and the top of the throne was round behind; and there were armrests on either side by the place of the seat, and two lions standing beside the armrests.

20Twelve lions stood there on the one side and on the other on the six steps. Nothing like it was made in any kingdom.

21All king Solomon’s drinking vessels were of gold, and all the vessels of the House of the Forest of Lebanon were of pure gold. None were of silver, because it was considered of little value in the days of Solomon.

22For the king had a fleet of Tarshish at sea with Hiram’s fleet. Once every three years the fleet of Tarshish came, bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks.

23So king Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth in riches and in wisdom.

24All the earth sought the presence of Solomon, to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart.

25Year after year, every man brought his tribute, vessels of silver, vessels of gold, clothing, armor, spices, horses, and mules.

26Solomon gathered together chariots and horsemen. He had one thousand four hundred chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, that he kept in the chariot cities and with the king at Jerusalem.

27The king made silver as common as stones in Jerusalem, and cedars as common as the sycamore trees that are in the lowland.

28The horses which Solomon had were brought out of Egypt. The king’s merchants received them in droves, each drove at a price.

29A chariot came up and went out of Egypt for six hundred shekels of silver, and a horse for one hundred fifty shekels; and so they exported them to all the kings of the Hittites, and to the kings of Syria.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

The Queen of Sheba visits Solomon and is overwhelmed by his wisdom, wealth, and the order of his kingdom. Solomon's annual gold income and splendor are cataloged—he surpasses all the kings of the earth.

Authorship & Background

Author: Unknown, traditionally attributed to Jeremiah or a prophetic school. Originally one book with 2 Kings in the Hebrew Bible. Covers approximately 120 years (970-850 BC) — from David's death through Ahaziah's reign. Key themes: the glory and failure of Solomon, the division of the kingdom as judgment for idolatry, the faithfulness of God's prophets (especially Elijah), and the principle that a nation's spiritual health depends on its leaders' faithfulness to God's covenant.
Historical Context: Chapter 10 presents Solomon's glory at its absolute zenith — the last chapter before the fall. The Queen of Sheba's visit is the narrative peak: a foreign monarch travels thousands of miles to witness Solomon's wisdom and wealth, and declares "the half was not told me" (v.7). This is Israel fulfilling its calling as a light to the nations — drawing the world to God through wisdom and blessing. The chapter then catalogs Solomon's wealth in staggering detail: 666 talents of gold annually (approximately 25 tons), gold shields, an ivory throne, fleets bringing exotic goods, silver as common as stones. The reader is meant to be overwhelmed — and then to turn the page to chapter 11, where it all collapses. The juxtaposition is deliberate: the higher the glory, the more devastating the fall. Notably, several details in this chapter violate Deuteronomy 17:16-17 (the law of the king): multiplying horses, acquiring them from Egypt, and multiplying gold. The glory contains its own condemnation. Solomon has everything God warned kings not to accumulate.
The Queen of Sheba's Visit (vv.1-13): Sheba was likely located in modern Yemen (southwestern Arabia) — a wealthy kingdom controlling the incense trade routes. The queen comes with "hard questions" (Hebrew "chidot" = riddles, enigmas, difficult problems) to test Solomon's wisdom. She arrives with an enormous caravan: camels bearing spices, 120 talents of gold, and precious stones. Solomon answers everything — "there was not any thing hid from the king" (v.3). Her response is total astonishment: "there was no more spirit in her" (v.5) — she is breathless, overwhelmed. Her testimony is significant: she attributes Solomon's position to God's love for Israel (v.9). A pagan queen recognizes Yahweh's hand. She gives extravagant gifts; Solomon reciprocates with "all her desire" plus royal bounty. The visit demonstrates Israel fulfilling Genesis 12:3: "in thee shall all families of the earth be blessed."
Solomon's Wealth (vv.14-25): The catalog of wealth is deliberately excessive: 666 talents of gold per year (the number itself may be significant — cf. Revelation 13:18), gold shields for display, an ivory throne overlaid with gold (six steps, twelve lions — symbolizing royal authority over all Israel), all drinking vessels of gold (silver "was nothing accounted of"), fleets bringing gold, silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks every three years. "All the earth sought to Solomon, to hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart" (v.24). The wealth is presented as God's gift (fulfilling 3:13) — but the accumulation exceeds what Deuteronomy 17 permits.
Horses and Chariots from Egypt (vv.26-29): Solomon amasses 1,400 chariots and 12,000 horsemen. He imports horses from Egypt and becomes a middleman, selling to Hittite and Syrian kings. This directly violates Deuteronomy 17:16: "He shall not multiply horses to himself, nor cause the people to return to Egypt... to multiply horses." The law of the king is being broken at the height of the king's glory. The author records this without explicit condemnation — the informed reader recognizes the violation.

Map & Geography

  • Jerusalem is central — site of Solomon's Temple and royal palace; capital of the united kingdom, then of Judah (southern kingdom) after the division.
  • The kingdom divides after Solomon: Israel (north, capital eventually at Samaria) and Judah (south, capital Jerusalem).
  • Key locations: Gibeon (Solomon's dream, ch.3), Tyre (Hiram's city in Phoenicia, chs.5-7), Mount Carmel (Elijah vs. Baal prophets, ch.18), Zarephath (Sidonian widow, ch.17), Mount Horeb/Sinai (Elijah flees, ch.19), Ramoth-gilead (Ahab's death, ch.22).

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes that the Queen of Sheba came because of "the fame of Solomon concerning the name of the LORD" (v.1) — Solomon's wisdom pointed to God, not merely to himself. When God's people live wisely, the world takes notice and is drawn to God. Guzik also notes the irony: this chapter of supreme glory is immediately followed by supreme failure. The higher the pedestal, the greater the fall.
  • Charles Spurgeon: "'The half was not told me.' So shall it be when we see Christ in glory. All that we have heard of heaven, all that Scripture reveals of the King in His beauty — it is not the half. Eye has not seen, nor ear heard, what God has prepared. If the Queen of Sheba was breathless before Solomon, what shall we be before Christ? If earthly wisdom overwhelmed her, what shall eternal glory do to us? The half has not been told. The best is yet to come."

Reflection

  • 1. "The half was not told me" (v.7). The Queen of Sheba heard reports but reality exceeded them. This is a picture of our future experience of Christ's glory. Everything we've heard about heaven, about seeing Jesus face to face — it will exceed all reports. The half has not been told. Live in anticipation of a glory that surpasses all description.
  • 2. Wisdom draws people to God (vv.1, 24). The nations came to Solomon because of his wisdom "concerning the name of the LORD." When God's people live wisely — with integrity, excellence, and genuine faith — the world notices. You don't need to argue people into the kingdom. Live wisely, and they will come asking questions.
  • 3. Glory without obedience is unsustainable (vv.26-29). At the peak of his glory, Solomon is violating God's law: multiplying horses, importing from Egypt, accumulating gold beyond measure. The violations are hidden within the splendor. Success can mask disobedience. Examine your prosperity: is it built on obedience or on compromise that hasn't yet produced consequences?
  • 4. The purpose of blessing is justice (v.9). The Queen of Sheba understood what Solomon would forget: God made him king "to do judgment and justice." Blessing is not for self-indulgence — it is for service. Every gift God gives has a purpose beyond our personal enjoyment. What are you doing with what God has given you?
  • 5. The highest human glory points to Christ (v.7; Matthew 12:42). Solomon at his peak is merely a shadow. Jesus said "a greater than Solomon is here." If Solomon's wisdom left a queen breathless, what will Christ's glory do? Every earthly excellence is a signpost pointing to the One who surpasses all.