Leviticus — Chapter 11

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1And the LORD spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them,

2Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These

3Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted,

4Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the hoof:

5And the coney, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he

6And the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he

7And the swine, though he divide the hoof, and be clovenfooted, yet he cheweth not the cud; he

8Of their flesh shall ye not eat, and their carcase shall ye not touch; they

9These shall ye eat of all that

10And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of any living thing which

11They shall be even an abomination unto you; ye shall not eat of their flesh, but ye shall have their carcases in abomination.

12Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that

13And these

14And the vulture, and the kite after his kind;

15Every raven after his kind;

16And the owl, and the night hawk, and the cuckow, and the hawk after his kind,

17And the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl,

18And the swan, and the pelican, and the gier eagle,

19And the stork, the heron after her kind, and the lapwing, and the bat.

20All fowls that creep, going upon

21Yet these may ye eat of every flying creeping thing that goeth upon

22Even these of them ye may eat; the locust after his kind, and the bald locust after his kind, and the beetle after his kind, and the grasshopper after his kind.

23But all

24And for these ye shall be unclean: whosoever toucheth the carcase of them shall be unclean until the even.

25And whosoever beareth

26The carcases of every beast which divideth the hoof, and

27And whatsoever goeth upon his paws, among all manner of beasts that go on

28And he that beareth the carcase of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: they

29These also

30And the ferret, and the chameleon, and the lizard, and the snail, and the mole.

31These

32And upon whatsoever

33And every earthen vessel, whereinto

34Of all meat which may be eaten,

35And every

36Nevertheless a fountain or pit,

37And if

38But if

39And if any beast, of which ye may eat, die; he that toucheth the carcase thereof shall be unclean until the even.

40And he that eateth of the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: he also that beareth the carcase of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even.

41And every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth

42Whatsoever goeth upon the belly, and whatsoever goeth upon

43Ye shall not make yourselves abominable with any creeping thing that creepeth, neither shall ye make yourselves unclean with them, that ye should be defiled thereby.

44For I

45For I

46This

47To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten.

1And Jehovah spake unto Moses and to Aaron, saying unto them,

2Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, These are the living things which ye may eat among all the beasts that are on the earth.

3Whatsoever parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, [and] cheweth the cud, among the beasts, that may ye eat.

4Nevertheless these shall ye not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that part the hoof: the camel, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

5And the coney, because he cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you.

6And the hare, because she cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, she is unclean unto you.

7And the swine, because he parteth the hoof, and is clovenfooted, but cheweth not the cud, he is unclean unto you.

8Of their flesh ye shall not eat, and their carcasses ye shall not touch; they are unclean unto you.

9These may ye eat of all that are in the waters: whatsoever hath fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, that may ye eat.

10And all that have not fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of all the living creatures that are in the waters, they are an abomination unto you,

11and they shall be an abomination unto you; ye shall not eat of their flesh, and their carcasses ye shall have in abomination.

12Whatsoever hath no fins nor scales in the waters, that is an abomination unto you.

13And these ye shall have in abomination among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the gier-eagle, and the ospray,

14and the kite, and the falcon after its kind,

15every raven after its kind,

16and the ostrich, and the night-hawk, and the seamew, and the hawk after its kind,

17and the little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl,

18and the horned owl, and the pelican, and the vulture,

19and the stork, the heron after its kind, and the hoopoe, and the bat.

20All winged creeping things that go upon all fours are an abomination unto you.

21Yet these may ye eat of all winged creeping things that go upon all fours, which have legs above their feet, wherewith to leap upon the earth.

22Even these of them ye may eat: the locust after its kind, and the bald locust after its kind, and the cricket after its kind, and the grasshopper after its kind.

23But all winged creeping things, which have four feet, are an abomination unto you.

24And by these ye shall become unclean: whosoever toucheth the carcass of them shall be unclean until the even;

25And whosoever beareth [aught] of the carcass of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even.

26Every beast which parteth the hoof, and is not clovenfooted, nor cheweth the cud, is unclean unto you: every one that toucheth them shall be unclean.

27And whatsoever goeth upon its paws, among all beasts that go on all fours, they are unclean unto you: whoso toucheth their carcass shall be unclean until the even.

28And he that beareth the carcass of them shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: they are unclean unto you.

29And these are they which are unclean unto you among the creeping things that creep upon the earth: the weasel, and the mouse, and the great lizard after its kind,

30and the gecko, and the land-crocodile, and the lizard, and the sand-lizard, and the chameleon.

31These are they which are unclean to you among all that creep: whosoever doth touch them, when they are dead, shall be unclean until the even.

32And upon whatsoever any of them, when they are dead, doth fall, it shall be unclean; whether it be any vessel of wood, or raiment, or skin, or sack, whatsoever vessel it be, wherewith any work is done, it must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the even; then shall it be clean.

33And every earthen vessel, whereinto any of them falleth, whatsoever is in it shall be unclean, and it ye shall break.

34All food [therein] which may be eaten, that on which water cometh, shall be unclean; and all drink that may be drunk in every [such] vessel shall be unclean.

35And every thing whereupon [any part] of their carcass falleth shall be unclean; whether oven, or range for pots, it shall be broken in pieces: they are unclean, and shall be unclean unto you.

36Nevertheless a fountain or a pit wherein is a gathering of water shall be clean: but that which toucheth their carcass shall be unclean.

37And if [aught] of their carcass fall upon any sowing seed which is to be sown, it is clean.

38But if water be put upon the seed, and [aught] of their carcass fall thereon, it is unclean unto you.

39And if any beast, of which ye may eat, die; he that toucheth the carcass thereof shall be unclean until the even.

40And he that eateth of the carcass of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: he also that beareth the carcass of it shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even.

41And every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth is an abomination; it shall not be eaten.

42Whatsoever goeth upon the belly, and whatsoever goeth upon all fours, or whatsoever hath many feet, even all creeping things that creep upon the earth, them ye shall not eat; for they are an abomination.

43Ye shall not make yourselves abominable with any creeping thing that creepeth, neither shall ye make yourselves unclean with them, that ye should be defiled thereby.

44For I am Jehovah your God: sanctify yourselves therefore, and be ye holy; for I am holy: neither shall ye defile yourselves with any manner of creeping thing that moveth upon the earth.

45For I am Jehovah that brought you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy.

46This is the law of the beast, and of the bird, and of every living creature that moveth in the waters, and of every creature that creepeth upon the earth;

47to make a distinction between the unclean and the clean, and between the living thing that may be eaten and the living thing that may not be eaten.

1The Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying to them,

2“Tell the Israelites: ‘This is the kind of creature you may eat from among all the animals that are on the land.

3You may eat any among the animals that has a divided hoof (the hooves are completely split in two) and that also chews the cud.

4However, you must not eat these from among those that chew the cud and have divided hooves: The camel is unclean to you because it chews the cud even though its hoof is not divided.

5The rock badger is unclean to you because it chews the cud even though its hoof is not divided.

6The hare is unclean to you because it chews the cud even though its hoof is not divided.

7The pig is unclean to you because its hoof is divided (the hoof is completely split in two) , even though it does not chew the cud.

8You must not eat from their meat, and you must not touch their carcasses; they are unclean to you.

9“‘These you can eat from all creatures that are in the water: Any creatures in the water that have both fins and scales, whether in the seas or in the streams, you may eat.

10But any creatures that do not have both fins and scales, whether in the seas or in the streams, from all the swarming things of the water and from all the living creatures that are in the water, are detestable to you.

11Since they are detestable to you, you must not eat their meat, and their carcass you must detest.

12Any creature in the water that does not have both fins and scales is detestable to you.

13“‘These you are to detest from among the birds—they must not be eaten, because they are detestable: the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,

14the kite, the buzzard of any kind,

15every kind of crow,

16the eagle owl, the short-eared owl, the long-eared owl, the hawk of any kind,

17the little owl, the cormorant, the screech owl,

18the white owl, the scops owl, the osprey,

19the stork, the heron of any kind, the hoopoe, and the bat.

20“‘Every winged swarming thing that walks on all fours is detestable to you.

21However, this you may eat from all the winged swarming things that walk on all fours, which have jointed legs to hop with on the land.

22These you may eat from them: the locust of any kind, the bald locust of any kind, the cricket of any kind, the grasshopper of any kind.

23But any other winged swarming thing that has four legs is detestable to you.

24“‘By these you defile yourselves—anyone who touches their carcass will be unclean until the evening,

25and anyone who carries their carcass must wash his clothes and will be unclean until the evening.

26“‘All animals that divide the hoof, but it is not completely split in two, and do not chew the cud are unclean to you; anyone who touches them becomes unclean.

27All that walk on their paws among all the creatures that walk on all fours are unclean to you. Anyone who touches their carcass will be unclean until the evening,

28and the one who carries their carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening; they are unclean to you.

29“‘Now this is what is unclean to you among the swarming things that swarm on the land: the rat, the mouse, the large lizard of any kind,

30the Mediterranean gecko, the spotted lizard, the wall gecko, the skink, and the chameleon.

31These are the ones that are unclean to you among all the swarming things. Anyone who touches these creatures when they die will be unclean until evening.

32Also, anything they fall on when they die will become unclean—any wood vessel or garment or article of leather or sackcloth. Any such vessel with which work is done must be immersed in water and will be unclean until the evening. Then it will become clean.

33As for any clay vessel they fall into, everything in it will become unclean, and you must break it.

34Any food that may be eaten which becomes soaked with water will become unclean. Anything drinkable in any such vessel will become unclean.

35Anything their carcass may fall on will become unclean. An oven or small stove must be smashed to pieces; they are unclean, and they will stay unclean to you.

36However, a spring or a cistern which collects water will be clean, but one who touches the creature’s carcass will be unclean.

37Now, if such a carcass falls on any sowing seed which is to be sown, it is clean,

38but if water is put on the seed and such a carcass falls on it, it is unclean to you.

39“‘Now if an animal that you may eat dies, whoever touches its carcass will be unclean until the evening.

40One who eats from its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening, and whoever carries its carcass must wash his clothes and be unclean until the evening.

41Every swarming thing that swarms on the land is detestable; it must not be eaten.

42You must not eat anything that crawls on its belly or anything that walks on all fours or on any number of legs of all the swarming things that swarm on the land, because they are detestable.

43Do not make yourselves detestable by any of the swarming things. You must not defile yourselves by them and become unclean by them,

44for I am the Lord your God, and you are to sanctify yourselves and be holy because I am holy. You must not defile yourselves by any of the swarming things that creep on the ground,

45for I am the Lord who brought you up from the land of Egypt to be your God, and you are to be holy because I am holy.

46This is the law of the land animals, the birds, all the living creatures that move in the water, and all the creatures that swarm on the land,

47to distinguish between the unclean and the clean, between the living creatures that may be eaten and the living creatures that must not be eaten.’”

1Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying to them,

2“Speak to the children of Israel, saying, ‘These are the living things which you may eat among all the animals that are on the earth.

3Whatever parts the hoof, and is cloven-footed, and chews the cud among the animals, that you may eat.

4“‘Nevertheless these you shall not eat of those that chew the cud, or of those who part the hoof: the camel, because he chews the cud but doesn’t have a parted hoof, he is unclean to you.

5The cony, because he chews the cud but doesn’t have a parted hoof, he is unclean to you.

6The hare, because she chews the cud but doesn’t part the hoof, she is unclean to you.

7The pig, because he has a split hoof, and is cloven-footed, but doesn’t chew the cud, he is unclean to you.

8Of their meat you shall not eat, and their carcasses you shall not touch; they are unclean to you.

9“‘These you may eat of all that are in the waters: whatever has fins and scales in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers, that you may eat.

10All that don’t have fins and scales in the seas, and in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of all the living creatures that are in the waters, they are an abomination to you,

11and you shall detest them. You shall not eat of their meat, and you shall detest their carcasses.

12Whatever has no fins nor scales in the waters, that is an abomination to you.

13“‘These you shall detest among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, and the vulture, and the black vulture,

14and the red kite, any kind of black kite,

15any kind of raven,

16the horned owl, the screech owl, and the gull, any kind of hawk,

17the little owl, the cormorant, the great owl,

18the white owl, the desert owl, the osprey,

19the stork, any kind of heron, the hoopoe, and the bat.

20“‘All flying insects that walk on all fours are an abomination to you.

21Yet you may eat these: of all winged creeping things that go on all fours, which have legs above their feet, with which to hop on the earth.

22Even of these you may eat: any kind of locust, any kind of katydid, any kind of cricket, and any kind of grasshopper.

23But all winged creeping things which have four feet, are an abomination to you.

24“‘By these you will become unclean: whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening.

25Whoever carries any part of their carcass shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the evening.

26“‘Every animal which parts the hoof, and is not cloven-footed, nor chews the cud, is unclean to you. Everyone who touches them shall be unclean.

27Whatever goes on its paws, among all animals that go on all fours, they are unclean to you. Whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until the evening.

28He who carries their carcass shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the evening. They are unclean to you.

29“‘These are they which are unclean to you among the creeping things that creep on the earth: the weasel, the rat, any kind of great lizard,

30the gecko, and the monitor lizard, the wall lizard, the skink, and the chameleon.

31These are they which are unclean to you among all that creep. Whoever touches them when they are dead, shall be unclean until the evening.

32On whatever any of them falls when they are dead, it shall be unclean; whether it is any vessel of wood, or clothing, or skin, or sack, whatever vessel it is, with which any work is done, it must be put into water, and it shall be unclean until the evening; then it will be clean.

33Every earthen vessel, into which any of them falls, all that is in it shall be unclean, and you shall break it.

34All food which may be eaten, that on which water comes, shall be unclean; and all drink that may be drunk in every such vessel shall be unclean.

35Everything whereupon part of their carcass falls shall be unclean; whether oven, or range for pots, it shall be broken in pieces: they are unclean, and shall be unclean to you.

36Nevertheless a spring or a cistern in which water is gathered shall be clean: but that which touches their carcass shall be unclean.

37If part of their carcass falls on any sowing seed which is to be sown, it is clean.

38But if water is put on the seed, and part of their carcass falls on it, it is unclean to you.

39“‘If any animal, of which you may eat, dies; he who touches its carcass shall be unclean until the evening.

40He who eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the evening. He also who carries its carcass shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the evening.

41“‘Every creeping thing that creeps on the earth is an abomination. It shall not be eaten.

42Whatever goes on its belly, and whatever goes on all fours, or whatever has many feet, even all creeping things that creep on the earth, them you shall not eat; for they are an abomination.

43You shall not make yourselves abominable with any creeping thing that creeps. You shall not make yourselves unclean with them, that you should be defiled thereby.

44For I am Yahweh your God. Sanctify yourselves therefore, and be holy; for I am holy. You shall not defile yourselves with any kind of creeping thing that moves on the earth.

45For I am Yahweh who brought you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God. You shall therefore be holy, for I am holy.

46“‘This is the law of the animal, and of the bird, and of every living creature that moves in the waters, and of every creature that creeps on the earth,

47to make a distinction between the unclean and the clean, and between the living thing that may be eaten and the living thing that may not be eaten.’”

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

God distinguishes clean from unclean animals, establishing dietary laws that set Israel apart — 'Be holy, for I am holy.'

Authorship & Background

Author: Moses. Leviticus is the third book of the Pentateuch, written during the wilderness period (approximately 1445-1405 BC). Hebrew title: "Vayikra" — "And He called." God speaks from the newly completed Tabernacle, giving Israel instructions for worship, sacrifice, and holy living.
Historical Context: Chapter 11 begins the second major section of Leviticus — the laws of cleanness and uncleanness (chapters 11-15). After the sacrificial system (1-7), the priesthood (8-10), God now addresses the daily life of every Israelite. The dietary laws are not merely about health — they are about holiness. They teach Israel to distinguish, to discern, to exercise judgment in the most basic act of life: eating. Every meal becomes a reminder: "You are set apart. You belong to God. You are different from the nations." The chapter is addressed to both Moses AND Aaron (v.1) — because the priests must teach these distinctions (10:10-11). The dietary laws served multiple purposes: (1) spiritual — teaching holiness and separation; (2) national — distinguishing Israel from surrounding nations; (3) symbolic — the clean/unclean categories picture moral and spiritual realities; (4) practical — some laws had health benefits, though this was not the primary purpose. The chapter concludes with the theological foundation: "Be holy, for I am holy" (vv.44-45) — the first occurrence of this command in Leviticus, echoed in 1 Peter 1:16.
Clean Land Animals (vv.1-8): God speaks to Moses and Aaron (v.1). The criteria for clean land animals: must BOTH part the hoof (cloven-footed) AND chew the cud (v.3). Both criteria required — one alone is insufficient. Exceptions listed: the camel — chews cud but does not part the hoof (v.4). The coney/rock badger — same (v.5). The hare — same (v.6). The swine/pig — parts the hoof but does not chew the cud (v.7). These are unclean. Their flesh shall not be eaten; their carcasses shall not be touched (v.8). The pig is particularly instructive: it has the outward appearance of cleanness (split hoof) but lacks the inward reality (no cud-chewing). A picture of hypocrisy — outward conformity without inward transformation.
Clean Water Creatures (vv.9-12): Criteria: must have BOTH fins AND scales (v.9). Anything in the waters without fins and scales is "an abomination" (KJV) / "detestable" (ESV) (vv.10-12). This excludes shellfish, catfish, eels, and all bottom-dwellers. Fins and scales suggest creatures that move through the water with purpose and are protected — not passive bottom- feeders or scavengers.
Unclean Birds (vv.13-19): No positive criteria given — instead, a list of specific unclean birds. Common characteristics of the unclean birds: they are predators, scavengers, or carrion-eaters. The eagle, vulture, kite, falcon, raven, owl, hawk, cormorant, stork, heron, hoopoe, and bat (vv.13- 19). These feed on death. Clean birds (by implication) are seed-eaters and grain-eaters — they feed on life, not death.
Winged Insects (vv.20-23): "All fowls that creep, going upon all four" (KJV) / "All winged insects that go on all fours" (ESV) — detestable (v.20). Exception: those with jointed legs above their feet for hopping — locusts, bald locusts, crickets/beetles, and grasshoppers (vv.21-22). These may be eaten. All other winged insects with four feet — detestable (v.23). The permitted insects are those that leap upward — they are not bound to the ground.
Uncleanness by Contact (vv.24-28): Touching the carcass of unclean animals makes one unclean until evening (v.24). Carrying a carcass requires washing clothes — unclean until evening (v.25). Animals that part the hoof but are not cloven-footed or do not chew cud — unclean (v.26). Animals that walk on paws (carnivores: dogs, cats, bears) — unclean (v.27). Carrying their carcass — wash clothes, unclean until evening (v.28).
Swarming Creatures (vv.29-38): Specific unclean swarming things: the weasel/mole rat, mouse, tortoise/great lizard, ferret/gecko, chameleon, lizard, snail/sand lizard, mole/chameleon (vv.29-30). Touching them when dead — unclean until evening (v.31). Anything they fall on becomes unclean: wood, garment, skin, sack — must be put in water, unclean until evening (v.32). Earthen vessels — must be broken (v.33). Food with water on it becomes unclean; drink in such vessels becomes unclean (v.34). Ovens and stoves — broken down (v.35). Springs and cisterns remain clean (v.36). Dry seed remains clean (v.37), but wet seed becomes unclean (v.38). The principle: uncleanness spreads by contact. Sin is contagious.
Death and Carcasses (vv.39-40): Even a clean animal that dies naturally — touching its carcass makes one unclean until evening (v.39). Eating or carrying it — wash clothes, unclean until evening (v.40). Death itself defiles. Even permitted animals, when dead, communicate uncleanness.
The Theological Foundation — "Be Holy" (vv.41-47): All swarming things on the ground — detestable (vv.41-42). Do not make yourselves detestable or defile yourselves (v.43). The reason: "For I am the LORD your God: ye shall therefore sanctify yourselves, and ye shall be holy; for I am holy" (v.44). "For I am the LORD that bringeth you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: ye shall therefore be holy, for I am holy" (v.45). Summary: this is the law to "make a difference between the unclean and the clean" (v.47). The dietary laws are grounded in God's character (holiness) and God's redemption (the Exodus). Because God is holy and because He redeemed them, they must be holy — even in what they eat.

Map & Geography

  • No specific geographic locations are referenced in this chapter.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik notes that the dietary laws served to make Israel distinct among the nations — every meal was a reminder of their set-apart status. He emphasizes that while Christians are not bound by these dietary laws (Mark 7:19, Acts 10), the PRINCIPLE remains: God's people are to be discerning, separate from the world's ways, and holy in every area of life — including the mundane.
  • Charles Spurgeon: Sermon: "Holiness Demanded" "Be ye holy, for I am holy. God does not say, 'Be holy because it is healthy.' He does not say, 'Be holy because it will make you respectable.' He says, 'Be holy because I AM holy.' The standard is not human opinion or cultural preference — the standard is God's own character. And if God is holy in the smallest matters — if He cares what Israel EATS — then there is no area of life too small for holiness. Your dinner table is a place of worship. Your daily choices are acts of consecration or acts of rebellion. The man who says, 'God does not care about such small things' has never read Leviticus."

Reflection

  • 1. "Be ye holy; for I am holy" (v.44). The standard of holiness is not cultural acceptability, personal comfort, or comparison with others. The standard is GOD HIMSELF. Are you measuring your life against God's character or against the people around you?
  • 2. The dietary laws trained Israel to think about EVERYTHING through the lens of "Is this acceptable to God?" Even eating — the most basic, daily, mundane act — was brought under God's authority. Is there any area of your life you have declared "too small for God to care about"? Leviticus says otherwise.
  • 3. The pig (v.7) — outward appearance of cleanness without inward reality. Split hoof but no cud-chewing. External conformity without internal transformation. Is your Christianity visible on the outside but empty on the inside? Do you look right without being right?
  • 4. "To make a difference between the unclean and the clean" (v.47). God wants His people to be DISCERNING — to see distinctions where the world sees none. The world says "everything is the same, nothing matters, all paths are equal." God says "distinguish." Are you developing spiritual discernment, or are you losing the ability to tell holy from common?
  • 5. These laws are fulfilled in Christ (Mark 7:19; Acts 10:15). Christians are not bound by dietary restrictions. But the PRINCIPLE endures: God's people are set apart. The separation is now moral and spiritual rather than dietary. "Come out from among them, and be ye separate" (2 Corinthians 6:17). What does separation look like for you today?