Leviticus — Chapter 16

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1And the LORD spake unto Moses after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they offered before the LORD, and died;

2And the LORD said unto Moses, Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy

3Thus shall Aaron come into the holy

4He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with a linen girdle, and with the linen mitre shall he be attired: these

5And he shall take of the congregation of the children of Israel two kids of the goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering.

6And Aaron shall offer his bullock of the sin offering, which

7And he shall take the two goats, and present them before the LORD

8And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot for the scapegoat.

9And Aaron shall bring the goat upon which the LORD’S lot fell, and offer him

10But the goat, on which the lot fell to be the scapegoat, shall be presented alive before the LORD, to make an atonement with him,

11And Aaron shall bring the bullock of the sin offering, which

12And he shall take a censer full of burning coals of fire from off the altar before the LORD, and his hands full of sweet incense beaten small, and bring

13And he shall put the incense upon the fire before the LORD, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that

14And he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle

15Then shall he kill the goat of the sin offering, that

16And he shall make an atonement for the holy

17And there shall be no man in the tabernacle of the congregation when he goeth in to make an atonement in the holy

18And he shall go out unto the altar that

19And he shall sprinkle of the blood upon it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and hallow it from the uncleanness of the children of Israel.

20And when he hath made an end of reconciling the holy

21And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins, putting them upon the head of the goat, and shall send

22And the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness.

23And Aaron shall come into the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall put off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the holy

24And he shall wash his flesh with water in the holy place, and put on his garments, and come forth, and offer his burnt offering, and the burnt offering of the people, and make an atonement for himself, and for the people.

25And the fat of the sin offering shall he burn upon the altar.

26And he that let go the goat for the scapegoat shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward come into the camp.

27And the bullock

28And he that burneth them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.

29And

30For on that day shall

31It

32And the priest, whom he shall anoint, and whom he shall consecrate to minister in the priest’s office in his father’s stead, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen clothes,

33And he shall make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the congregation.

34And this shall be an everlasting statute unto you, to make an atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins once a year. And he did as the LORD commanded Moses.

1And Jehovah spake unto Moses, after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they drew near before Jehovah, and died;

2and Jehovah said unto Moses, Speak unto Aaron thy brother, that he come not at all times into the holy place within the veil, before the mercy-seat which is upon the ark; that he die not: for I will appear in the cloud upon the mercy-seat.

3Herewith shall Aaron come into the holy place: with a young bullock for a sin-offering, and a ram for a burnt-offering.

4He shall put on the holy linen coat, and he shall have the linen breeches upon his flesh, and shall be girded with the linen girdle, and with the linen mitre shall he be attired: they are the holy garments; and he shall bathe his flesh in water, and put them on.

5And he shall take of the congregation of the children of Israel two he-goats for a sin-offering, and one ram for a burnt-offering.

6And Aaron shall present the bullock of the sin-offering, which is for himself, and make atonement for himself, and for his house.

7And he shall take the two goats, and set them before Jehovah at the door of the tent of meeting.

8And Aaron shall cast lots upon the two goats; one lot for Jehovah, and the other lot for Azazel.

9And Aaron shall present the goat upon which the lot fell for Jehovah, and offer him for a sin-offering.

10But the goat, on which the lot fell for Azazel, shall be set alive before Jehovah, to make atonement for him, to send him away for Azazel into the wilderness.

11And Aaron shall present the bullock of the sin-offering, which is for himself, and shall make atonement for himself, and for his house, and shall kill the bullock of the sin-offering which is for himself:

12and he shall take a censer full of coals of fire from off the altar before Jehovah, and his hands full of sweet incense beaten small, and bring it within the veil:

13and he shall put the incense upon the fire before Jehovah, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy-seat that is upon the testimony, that he die not:

14and he shall take of the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it with his finger upon the mercy-seat on the east; and before the mercy-seat shall he sprinkle of the blood with his finger seven times.

15Then shall he kill the goat of the sin-offering, that is for the people, and bring his blood within the veil, and do with his blood as he did with the blood of the bullock, and sprinkle it upon the mercy-seat, and before the mercy-seat:

16and he shall make atonement for the holy place, because of the uncleannesses of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions, even all their sins: and so shall he do for the tent of meeting, that dwelleth with them in the midst of their uncleannesses.

17And there shall be no man in the tent of meeting when he goeth in to make atonement in the holy place, until he come out, and have made atonement for himself, and for his household, and for all the assembly of Israel.

18And he shall go out unto the altar that is before Jehovah, and make atonement for it, and shall take of the blood of the bullock, and of the blood of the goat, and put it upon the horns of the altar round about.

19And he shall sprinkle of the blood upon it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and hallow it from the uncleannesses of the children of Israel.

20And when he hath made an end of atoning for the holy place, and the tent of meeting, and the altar, he shall present the live goat:

21and Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions, even all their sins; and he shall put them upon the head of the goat, and shall send him away by the hand of a man that is in readiness into the wilderness:

22and the goat shall bear upon him all their iniquities unto a solitary land: and he shall let go the goat in the wilderness.

23And Aaron shall come into the tent of meeting, and shall put off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the holy place, and shall leave them there:

24and he shall bathe his flesh in water in a holy place, and put on his garments, and come forth, and offer his burnt-offering and the burnt-offering of the people, and make atonement for himself and for the people.

25And the fat of the sin-offering shall he burn upon the altar.

26And he that letteth go the goat for Azazel shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.

27And the bullock of the sin-offering, and the goat of the sin-offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the holy place, shall be carried forth without the camp; and they shall burn in the fire their skins, and their flesh, and their dung.

28And he that burneth them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.

29And it shall be a statute for ever unto you: in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and shall do no manner of work, the home-born, or the stranger that sojourneth among you:

30for on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you; from all your sins shall ye be clean before Jehovah.

31It is a sabbath of solemn rest unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls; it is a statute for ever.

32And the priest, who shall be anointed and who shall be consecrated to be priest in his father`s stead, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen garments, even the holy garments:

33and he shall make atonement for the holy sanctuary; and he shall make atonement for the tent of meeting and for the altar; and he shall make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly.

34And this shall be an everlasting statute unto you, to make atonement for the children of Israel because of all their sins once in the year. And he did as Jehovah commanded Moses.

1The Lord spoke to Moses after the death of Aaron’s two sons when they approached the presence of the Lord and died,

2and the Lord said to Moses: “Tell Aaron your brother that he must not enter at any time into the Holy Place inside the special curtain in front of the atonement lid that is on the ark so that he may not die, for I will appear in the cloud over the atonement lid.

3“In this way Aaron is to enter into the sanctuary—with a young bull for a sin offering and a ram for a burnt offering.

4He must put on a holy linen tunic, linen leggings are to cover his body, and he is to wrap himself with a linen sash and wrap his head with a linen turban. They are holy garments, so he must bathe his body in water and put them on.

5He must also take two male goats from the congregation of the Israelites for a sin offering and one ram for a burnt offering.

6Then Aaron is to present the sin-offering bull which is for himself and is to make atonement on behalf of himself and his household.

7Next he must take the two goats and stand them before the Lord at the entrance of the Meeting Tent,

8and Aaron is to cast lots over the two goats, one lot for the Lord and one lot for Azazel.

9Aaron must then present the goat which has been designated by lot for the Lord, and he is to make it a sin offering,

10but the goat which has been designated by lot for Azazel is to be stood alive before the Lord to make atonement on it by sending it away into the desert to Azazel.

11“Aaron is to present the sin-offering bull which is for himself, and he is to make atonement on behalf of himself and his household. He is to slaughter the sin-offering bull which is for himself,

12and take a censer full of coals of fire from the altar before the Lord and a full double handful of finely ground fragrant incense, and bring them inside the curtain.

13He must then put the incense on the fire before the Lord, and the cloud of incense will cover the atonement lid which is above the ark of the testimony, so that he will not die.

14Then he is to take some of the blood of the bull and sprinkle it with his finger on the eastern face of the atonement lid, and in front of the atonement lid he is to sprinkle some of the blood seven times with his finger.

15“Aaron must then slaughter the sin-offering goat which is for the people. He is to bring its blood inside the curtain, and he is to do with its blood just as he did to the blood of the bull: He is to sprinkle it on the atonement lid and in front of the atonement lid.

16So he is to make atonement for the Holy Place from the impurities of the Israelites and from their transgressions with regard to all their sins, and thus he is to do for the Meeting Tent which resides with them in the midst of their impurities.

17Nobody is to be in the Meeting Tent when he enters to make atonement in the Holy Place until he goes out, and he has made atonement on his behalf, on behalf of his household, and on behalf of the whole assembly of Israel.

18“Then Aaron is to go out to the altar which is before the Lord and make atonement for it. He is to take some of the blood of the bull and some of the blood of the goat, and put it all around on the horns of the altar.

19Then he is to sprinkle on it some of the blood with his finger seven times, and cleanse and consecrate it from the impurities of the Israelites.

20“When Aaron has finished purifying the Holy Place, the Meeting Tent, and the altar, he is to present the live goat.

21Aaron is to lay his two hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the iniquities of the Israelites and all their transgressions in regard to all their sins, and thus he is to put them on the head of the goat and send it away into the desert by the hand of a man standing ready.

22The goat is to bear on itself all their iniquities into an inaccessible land, so he is to send the goat away into the desert.

23“Aaron must then enter the Meeting Tent and take off the linen garments which he had put on when he entered the sanctuary, and leave them there.

24Then he must bathe his body in water in the Holy Place, put on his clothes, and go out and make his burnt offering and the people’s burnt offering. So he is to make atonement on behalf of himself and the people.

25“Then he is to offer up the fat of the sin offering in smoke on the altar,

26and the one who sent the goat away to Azazel must wash his clothes, bathe his body in water, and afterward he may reenter the camp.

27The bull of the sin offering and the goat of the sin offering, whose blood was brought to make atonement in the Holy Place, must be brought outside the camp and their hide, their flesh, and their dung must be burned up,

28and the one who burns them must wash his clothes and bathe his body in water, and afterward he may reenter the camp.

29“This is to be a perpetual statute for you. In the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you must humble yourselves and do no work of any kind, both the native citizen and the resident foreigner who lives in your midst,

30for on this day atonement is to be made for you to cleanse you from all your sins; you must be clean before the Lord.

31It is to be a Sabbath of complete rest for you, and you must humble yourselves. It is a perpetual statute.

32“The priest who is anointed and ordained to act as high priest in place of his father is to make atonement. He is to put on the linen garments, the holy garments,

33and he is to purify the Most Holy Place, he is to purify the Meeting Tent and the altar, and he is to make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly.

34This is to be a perpetual statute for you to make atonement for the Israelites for all their sins once a year.” So he did just as the Lord had commanded Moses.

1Yahweh spoke to Moses, after the death of the two sons of Aaron, when they came near before Yahweh, and died;

2and Yahweh said to Moses, “Tell Aaron your brother, not to come at all times into the Most Holy Place within the veil, before the mercy seat which is on the ark; lest he die: for I will appear in the cloud on the mercy seat.

3“Aaron shall come into the sanctuary with a young bull for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt offering.

4He shall put on the holy linen coat. He shall have the linen breeches on his body, and shall put on the linen sash, and he shall be clothed with the linen turban. They are the holy garments. He shall bathe his body in water, and put them on.

5He shall take from the congregation of the children of Israel two male goats for a sin offering, and one ram for a burnt offering.

6“Aaron shall offer the bull of the sin offering, which is for himself, and make atonement for himself and for his house.

7He shall take the two goats, and set them before Yahweh at the door of the Tent of Meeting.

8Aaron shall cast lots for the two goats; one lot for Yahweh, and the other lot for the scapegoat.

9Aaron shall present the goat on which the lot fell for Yahweh, and offer him for a sin offering.

10But the goat on which the lot fell for the scapegoat shall be presented alive before Yahweh, to make atonement for him, to send him away as the scapegoat into the wilderness.

11“Aaron shall present the bull of the sin offering, which is for himself, and shall make atonement for himself and for his house, and shall kill the bull of the sin offering which is for himself.

12He shall take a censer full of coals of fire from off the altar before Yahweh, and two handfuls of sweet incense beaten small, and bring it within the veil:

13and he shall put the incense on the fire before Yahweh, that the cloud of the incense may cover the mercy seat that is on the testimony, so that he will not die.

14He shall take some of the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it with his finger on the mercy seat on the east; and before the mercy seat he shall sprinkle some of the blood with his finger seven times.

15“Then he shall kill the goat of the sin offering, that is for the people, and bring his blood within the veil, and do with his blood as he did with the blood of the bull, and sprinkle it on the mercy seat, and before the mercy seat.

16He shall make atonement for the Holy Place, because of the uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because of their transgressions, even all their sins; and so he shall do for the Tent of Meeting, that dwells with them in the middle of their uncleanness.

17No one shall be in the Tent of Meeting when he enters to make atonement in the Holy Place, until he comes out, and has made atonement for himself and for his household, and for all the assembly of Israel.

18“He shall go out to the altar that is before Yahweh and make atonement for it, and shall take some of the bull’s blood, and some of the goat’s blood, and put it around on the horns of the altar.

19He shall sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times, and cleanse it, and make it holy from the uncleanness of the children of Israel.

20“When he has finished atoning for the Holy Place, the Tent of Meeting, and the altar, he shall present the live goat.

21Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat, and confess over him all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions, even all their sins; and he shall put them on the head of the goat, and shall send him away into the wilderness by the hand of a man who is in readiness.

22The goat shall carry all their iniquities on himself to a solitary land, and he shall release the goat in the wilderness.

23“Aaron shall come into the Tent of Meeting, and shall take off the linen garments, which he put on when he went into the Holy Place, and shall leave them there.

24Then he shall bathe himself in water in a holy place, and put on his garments, and come out and offer his burnt offering and the burnt offering of the people, and make atonement for himself and for the people.

25The fat of the sin offering he shall burn on the altar.

26“He who lets the goat go as the scapegoat shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.

27The bull for the sin offering, and the goat for the sin offering, whose blood was brought in to make atonement in the Holy Place, shall be carried outside the camp; and they shall burn their skins, their flesh, and their dung with fire.

28He who burns them shall wash his clothes, and bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp.

29“It shall be a statute to you forever: in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall afflict your souls, and shall do no kind of work, the native-born, or the stranger who lives as a foreigner among you:

30for on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you; from all your sins you shall be clean before Yahweh.

31It is a Sabbath of solemn rest to you, and you shall afflict your souls. It is a statute forever.

32The priest, who is anointed and who is consecrated to be priest in his father’s place, shall make the atonement, and shall put on the linen garments, even the holy garments.

33Then he shall make atonement for the Holy Sanctuary; and he shall make atonement for the Tent of Meeting and for the altar; and he shall make atonement for the priests and for all the people of the assembly.

34“This shall be an everlasting statute for you, to make atonement for the children of Israel once in the year because of all their sins.” It was done as Yahweh commanded Moses.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

God establishes the Day of Atonement — the high priest enters the Most Holy Place once a year with blood to atone for all Israel's sins.

Authorship & Background

Author: Moses. Leviticus is the third book of the Pentateuch, written during the wilderness period (approximately 1445-1405 BC). Hebrew title: "Vayikra" — "And He called." God speaks from the newly completed Tabernacle, giving Israel instructions for worship, sacrifice, and holy living.
Historical Context: Chapter 16 is the theological center of Leviticus and arguably the most important chapter in the entire book. It prescribes the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) — the one day each year when the high priest enters the Most Holy Place to make atonement for all the sins of Israel. The chapter opens with a reference to the death of Nadab and Abihu (10:1-2), connecting unauthorized approach to God with death. The message is clear: you cannot come into God's presence any way you choose. There is ONE way, on ONE day, through ONE mediator, with blood. The chapter stands at the structural center of Leviticus: chapters 1-15 deal with the problem (uncleanness, sin, defilement); chapter 16 provides the comprehensive solution (complete atonement); chapters 17-27 describe the holy life that flows from atonement. Everything before points to this day; everything after flows from it. The New Testament identifies this as the supreme type of Christ's atoning work (Hebrews 9-10). Christ is both the high priest who enters the true Holy of Holies AND the sacrifice whose blood makes eternal atonement.
The Warning: Do Not Enter Freely (vv.1-2): After the death of Nadab and Abihu (v.1) — their unauthorized approach resulted in death. God tells Moses to warn Aaron: "come not at all times into the holy place within the vail" (v.2). The reason: "I will appear in the cloud upon the mercy seat." God's presence on the mercy seat means unauthorized approach = death. Access to God is restricted, regulated, and mediated.
Preparation of the High Priest (vv.3-5): Aaron must bring a bull for his own sin offering and a ram for burnt offering (v.3). He puts on special garments — NOT the glorious golden garments of normal priestly service, but simple white linen: coat, breeches, sash, turban (v.4). He must bathe first (v.4). The white linen represents purity and humility — the high priest enters God's presence not in glory but in simplicity. From the congregation: two male goats for sin offering, one ram for burnt offering (v.5).
Aaron's Sin Offering for Himself (vv.6, 11-14): Aaron offers the bull as sin offering for himself and his house (v.6). He kills the bull (v.11). He takes a censer of burning coals and two handfuls of incense inside the veil (v.12). The incense cloud covers the mercy seat "that he die not" (v.13) — the smoke shields him from the direct glory of God. He sprinkles blood on the mercy seat eastward (toward the entrance) and seven times before it (v.14). The priest must be atoned for before he can atone for others.
The Two Goats: Lots Cast (vv.7-10): Two goats set before the LORD at the Tabernacle entrance (v.7). Aaron casts lots: one for the LORD, one for "the scapegoat" (KJV) / "Azazel" (ESV) (v.8). The LORD's goat becomes the sin offering (v.9). The Azazel goat is presented alive, then sent into the wilderness (v.10). Two goats, one atonement — two aspects of what Christ accomplishes: the first goat dies (propitiation — satisfying God's justice); the second goat carries sin away (expiation — removing sin completely).
The Goat for the LORD — Blood in the Holy Place (v.15-19): The goat is killed (v.15). Its blood is brought inside the veil and sprinkled on and before the mercy seat — same as the bull's blood (v.15). This makes atonement for the Holy Place itself, defiled by Israel's uncleanness and sin (v.16). The same is done for the tent of meeting (v.16). No one else may be present during this (v.17). Then Aaron goes to the outer altar, puts blood on its horns, and sprinkles seven times to cleanse it (vv.18-19). Everything is cleansed: the Most Holy Place, the tent, and the altar.
The Scapegoat — Sin Carried Away (vv.20-22): After all the blood atonement is complete, the live goat is brought (v.20). Aaron lays BOTH hands on its head (v.21) — full identification, full transfer. He confesses "all the iniquities of the children of Israel, and all their transgressions in all their sins" (v.21) — comprehensive: iniquities, transgressions, sins. He puts them on the goat's head (v.21). The goat is sent into the wilderness "by the hand of a fit man" (KJV) / "a man who is in readiness" (ESV) (v.21). The goat bears "all their iniquities unto a land not inhabited" (v.22). Sin is removed completely — carried away to a place of no return. "As far as the east is from the west, so far hath he removed our transgressions from us" (Psalm 103:12).
After the Atonement (vv.23-28): Aaron enters the tent, removes the linen garments, leaves them there (v.23). He bathes, puts on his regular garments, and offers burnt offerings for himself and the people (v.24). The fat of the sin offering is burned on the altar (v.25). The man who released the scapegoat washes clothes and bathes (v.26). The bull and goat carcasses are burned outside the camp (v.27) — "outside the camp" points to Christ suffering "without the gate" (Hebrews 13:11-12). The one who burns them must also wash (v.28).
The Perpetual Statute (vv.29-34): This is to be observed forever: the seventh month, tenth day (v.29). "Ye shall afflict your souls" — fasting and self-denial (v.29). No work — for anyone, native or stranger (v.29). The purpose: "on that day shall the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your sins before the LORD" (v.30). A Sabbath of solemn rest (v.31). The anointed priest makes atonement for sanctuary, tent, altar, priests, and all the people (vv.32-33). "Once in the year" (v.34) — pointing to Christ's once-for-all sacrifice. "And he did as the LORD commanded Moses" (v.34) — obedience.

Map & Geography

  • No specific geographic locations are referenced in this chapter.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes this as the most important chapter in Leviticus and one of the most important in the Old Testament. He highlights the two goats as representing two aspects of atonement: propitiation (satisfying God's wrath) and expiation (removing sin). He connects every detail to Christ's work in Hebrews 9-10.
  • Charles Spurgeon: Sermon: "The Two Goats" / "The Scapegoat" "Two goats — and you need them both to understand what Christ has done. The first goat dies — its blood is carried into the Holy of Holies and sprinkled on the mercy seat. This is PROPITIATION: God's justice is satisfied, His wrath is turned away, the blood covers the broken law beneath the mercy seat. But that is not all. The second goat LIVES — and upon its head are placed all the sins of the people, and it is driven away into the wilderness, never to return. This is EXPIATION: sin is not merely covered but REMOVED, carried away to a land of forgetfulness. Christ does both. He dies to satisfy justice. He lives to carry our sins away forever. 'As far as the east is from the west' — that is how far your sins have gone. They shall never be found again."

Reflection

  • 1. "Come not at all times" (v.2). Access to God is not casual. Under the old covenant, one man, one day, with blood. Under the new covenant, the veil is torn (Matthew 27:51) and we may come boldly (Hebrews 4:16) — but only because Christ has gone before us with His own blood. Never take access to God for granted. It cost everything.
  • 2. Two goats, one atonement (vv.8-10, 15, 21-22). Christ's work is complete: He both satisfies God's justice (propitiation — the first goat dies) AND removes our sin completely (expiation — the second goat carries it away). Your sin is not merely covered — it is GONE. "As far as the east is from the west." Do you live as though your sin is still following you? The scapegoat has carried it to a land of no return.
  • 3. "All the iniquities... all their transgressions... all their sins" (v.21). Three words, total coverage. Nothing is left out. No sin is too great, too shameful, too repeated. ALL of it is placed on the substitute. Is there a sin you believe is beyond Christ's atonement? It is not. ALL means ALL.
  • 4. "Once a year" (v.34). The repetition proves the insufficiency. Every year, the same ritual — because animal blood cannot permanently remove sin (Hebrews 10:1-4). But Christ offered Himself ONCE (Hebrews 10:10). No repetition needed. No annual renewal required. It is finished.
  • 5. The high priest enters alone (v.17). No one else may be present. Christ accomplished redemption alone — "I have trodden the winepress alone" (Isaiah 63:3). No one helped Him. No one could. He did it by Himself, for us.