1 Samuel — Chapter 12

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1And Samuel said unto all Israel, Behold, I have hearkened unto your voice in all that ye said unto me, and have made a king over you.

2And now, behold, the king walketh before you: and I am old and grayheaded; and, behold, my sons are with you: and I have walked before you from my childhood unto this day.

3Behold, here I am: witness against me before the LORD, and before his anointed: whose ox have I taken? or whose ass have I taken? or whom have I defrauded? whom have I oppressed? or of whose hand have I received any bribe to blind mine eyes therewith? and I will restore it you.

4And they said, Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither hast thou taken ought of any man’s hand.

5And he said unto them, The LORD is witness against you, and his anointed is witness this day, that ye have not found ought in my hand. And they answered, He is witness.

6And Samuel said unto the people, It is the LORD that advanced Moses and Aaron, and that brought your fathers up out of the land of Egypt.

7Now therefore stand still, that I may reason with you before the LORD of all the righteous acts of the LORD, which he did to you and to your fathers.

8When Jacob was come into Egypt, and your fathers cried unto the LORD, then the LORD sent Moses and Aaron, which brought forth your fathers out of Egypt, and made them dwell in this place.

9And when they forgat the LORD their God, he sold them into the hand of Sisera, captain of the host of Hazor, and into the hand of the Philistines, and into the hand of the king of Moab, and they fought against them.

10And they cried unto the LORD, and said, We have sinned, because we have forsaken the LORD, and have served Baalim and Ashtaroth: but now deliver us out of the hand of our enemies, and we will serve thee.

11And the LORD sent Jerubbaal, and Bedan, and Jephthah, and Samuel, and delivered you out of the hand of your enemies on every side, and ye dwelled safe.

12And when ye saw that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon came against you, ye said unto me, Nay; but a king shall reign over us: when the LORD your God was your king.

13Now therefore behold the king whom ye have chosen, and whom ye have desired! and, behold, the LORD hath set a king over you.

14If ye will fear the LORD, and serve him, and obey his voice, and not rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then shall both ye and also the king that reigneth over you continue following the LORD your God:

15But if ye will not obey the voice of the LORD, but rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then shall the hand of the LORD be against you, as it was against your fathers.

16Now therefore stand and see this great thing, which the LORD will do before your eyes.

17Is it not wheat harvest to day? I will call unto the LORD, and he shall send thunder and rain; that ye may perceive and see that your wickedness is great, which ye have done in the sight of the LORD, in asking you a king.

18So Samuel called unto the LORD; and the LORD sent thunder and rain that day: and all the people greatly feared the LORD and Samuel.

19And all the people said unto Samuel, Pray for thy servants unto the LORD thy God, that we die not: for we have added unto all our sins this evil, to ask us a king.

20And Samuel said unto the people, Fear not: ye have done all this wickedness: yet turn not aside from following the LORD, but serve the LORD with all your heart;

21And turn ye not aside: for then should ye go after vain things, which cannot profit nor deliver; for they are vain.

22For the LORD will not forsake his people for his great name’s sake: because it hath pleased the LORD to make you his people.

23Moreover as for me, God forbid that I should sin against the LORD in ceasing to pray for you: but I will teach you the good and the right way:

24Only fear the LORD, and serve him in truth with all your heart: for consider how great things he hath done for you.

25But if ye shall still do wickedly, ye shall be consumed, both ye and your king.

1And Samuel said unto all Israel, Behold, I have hearkened unto your voice in all that ye said unto me, and have made a king over you.

2And now, behold, the king walketh before you; and I am old and grayheaded; and, behold, my sons are with you: and I have walked before you from my youth unto this day.

3Here I am: witness against me before Jehovah, and before his anointed: whose ox have I taken? or whose ass have I taken? or whom have I defrauded? whom have I oppressed? or of whose hand have I taken a ransom to blind mine eyes therewith? and I will restore it you.

4And they said, Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither hast thou taken aught of any man`s hand.

5And he said unto them, Jehovah is witness against you, and his anointed is witness this day, that ye have not found aught in my hand. And they said, He is witness.

6And Samuel said unto the people, It is Jehovah that appointed Moses and Aaron, and that brought your fathers up out of the land of Egypt.

7Now therefore stand still, that I may plead with you before Jehovah concerning all the righteous acts of Jehovah, which he did to you and to your fathers.

8When Jacob was come into Egypt, and your fathers cried unto Jehovah, then Jehovah sent Moses and Aaron, who brought forth your fathers out of Egypt, and made them to dwell in this place.

9But they forgat Jehovah their God; and he sold them into the hand of Sisera, captain of the host of Hazor, and into the hand of the Philistines, and into the hand of the king of Moab; and they fought against them.

10And they cried unto Jehovah, and said, We have sinned, because we have forsaken Jehovah, and have served the Baalim and the Ashtaroth: but now deliver us out of the hand of our enemies, and we will serve thee.

11And Jehovah sent Jerubbaal, and Bedan, and Jephthah, and Samuel, and delivered you out of the hand of your enemies on every side; and ye dwelt in safety.

12And when ye saw that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon came against you, ye said unto me, Nay, but a king shall reign over us; when Jehovah your God was your king.

13Now therefore behold the king whom ye have chosen, and whom ye have asked for: and, behold, Jehovah hath set a king over you.

14If ye will fear Jehovah, and serve him, and hearken unto his voice, and not rebel against the commandment of Jehovah, and both ye and also the king that reigneth over you be followers of Jehovah your God, [well]:

15but if ye will not hearken unto the voice of Jehovah, but rebel against the commandment of Jehovah, then will the hand of Jehovah be against you, as it was against your fathers.

16Now therefore stand still and see this great thing, which Jehovah will do before your eyes.

17Is it not wheat harvest to-day? I will call unto Jehovah, that he may send thunder and rain; and ye shall know and see that your wickedness is great, which ye have done in the sight of Jehovah, in asking you a king.

18So Samuel called unto Jehovah; and Jehovah sent thunder and rain that day: and all the people greatly feared Jehovah and Samuel.

19And all the people said unto Samuel, Pray for thy servants unto Jehovah thy God, that we die not; for we have added unto all our sins [this] evil, to ask us a king.

20And Samuel said unto the people, Fear not; ye have indeed done all this evil; yet turn not aside from following Jehovah, but serve Jehovah with all your heart:

21and turn ye not aside; for [then would ye go] after vain things which cannot profit nor deliver, for they are vain.

22For Jehovah will not forsake his people for his great name`s sake, because it hath pleased Jehovah to make you a people unto himself.

23Moreover as for me, far be it from me that I should sin against Jehovah in ceasing to pray for you: but I will instruct you in the good and the right way.

24Only fear Jehovah, and serve him in truth with all your heart; for consider how great things he hath done for you.

25But if ye shall still do wickedly, ye shall be consumed, both ye and your king.

1Samuel said to all Israel, “I have done everything you requested. I have given you a king.

2Now look! This king walks before you. As for me, I am old and gray, and my sons are here with you. I have walked before you from the time of my youth till the present day.

3Here I am. Bring a charge against me before the Lord and before his chosen king. Whose ox have I taken? Whose donkey have I taken? Whom have I wronged? Whom have I oppressed? From whose hand have I taken a bribe so that I would overlook something? Tell me, and I will return it to you!”

4They replied, “You have not wronged us or oppressed us. You have not taken anything from the hand of anyone.”

5He said to them, “The Lord is witness against you, and his chosen king is witness this day, that you have not found any reason to accuse me.” They said, “He is witness!”

6Samuel said to the people, “The Lord is the one who chose Moses and Aaron and who brought your ancestors up from the land of Egypt.

7Now take your positions, so I may confront you before the Lord regarding all the Lord’s just actions toward you and your ancestors.

8When Jacob entered Egypt, your ancestors cried out to the Lord. The Lord sent Moses and Aaron, and they led your ancestors out of Egypt and settled them in this place.

9“But they forgot the Lord their God, so he gave them into the hand of Sisera, the general in command of Hazor’s army, and into the hands of the Philistines and the king of Moab, and they fought against them.

10Then they cried out to the Lord and admitted, ‘We have sinned, for we have forsaken the Lord and have served the Baals and the images of Ashtoreth. Now deliver us from the hands of our enemies so that we may serve you.’

11So the Lord sent Jerub Baal, Barak, Jephthah, and Samuel, and he delivered you from the hands of the enemies all around you, and you were able to live securely.

12“When you saw that King Nahash of the Ammonites was advancing against you, you said to me, ‘No! A king will rule over us’—even though the Lord your God is your king.

13Now look! Here is the king you have chosen—the one that you asked for! Look, the Lord has given you a king.

14If you fear the Lord, serving him and obeying him and not rebelling against what he says, and if both you and the king who rules over you follow the Lord your God, all will be well.

15But if you don’t obey the Lord and rebel against what the Lord says, the hand of the Lord will be against both you and your king.

16“So now, take your positions and watch this great thing that the Lord is about to do in your sight.

17Is this not the time of the wheat harvest? I will call on the Lord so that he makes it thunder and rain. Realize and see what a great sin you have committed before the Lord by asking for a king for yourselves.”

18So Samuel called to the Lord, and the Lord made it thunder and rain that day. All the people were very afraid of both the Lord and Samuel.

19All the people said to Samuel, “Pray to the Lord your God on behalf of us—your servants—so we won’t die, for we have added to all our sins by asking for a king.”

20Then Samuel said to the people, “Don’t be afraid. You have indeed sinned. However, don’t turn aside from the Lord. Serve the Lord with all your heart.

21You should not turn aside after empty things that can’t profit and can’t deliver, since they are empty.

22The Lord will not abandon his people because he wants to uphold his great reputation. The Lord was pleased to make you his own people.

23As far as I am concerned, far be it from me to sin against the Lord by ceasing to pray for you! I will instruct you in the way that is good and upright.

24However, fear the Lord and serve him faithfully with all your heart. Just look at the great things he has done for you!

25But if you continue to do evil, both you and your king will be swept away.”

1Samuel said to all Israel, “Behold, I have listened to your voice in all that you said to me, and have made a king over you.

2Now, behold, the king walks before you. I am old and gray-headed. Behold, my sons are with you. I have walked before you from my youth to this day.

3Here I am. Witness against me before Yahweh, and before his anointed. Whose ox have I taken? Whose donkey have I taken? Whom have I defrauded? Whom have I oppressed? Of whose hand have I taken a ransom to make me blind my eyes? I will restore it to you.”

4They said, “You have not defrauded us, nor oppressed us, neither have you taken anything from anyone’s hand.”

5He said to them, “Yahweh is witness against you, and his anointed is witness today, that you have not found anything in my hand.” They said, “He is witness.”

6Samuel said to the people, “It is Yahweh who appointed Moses and Aaron, and that brought your fathers up out of the land of Egypt.

7Now therefore stand still, that I may plead with you before Yahweh concerning all the righteous acts of Yahweh, which he did to you and to your fathers.

8“When Jacob had come into Egypt, and your fathers cried to Yahweh, then Yahweh sent Moses and Aaron, who brought your fathers out of Egypt, and made them to dwell in this place.

9“But they forgot Yahweh their God; and he sold them into the hand of Sisera, captain of the army of Hazor, and into the hand of the Philistines, and into the hand of the king of Moab; and they fought against them.

10They cried to Yahweh, and said, ‘We have sinned, because we have forsaken Yahweh, and have served the Baals and the Ashtaroth: but now deliver us out of the hand of our enemies, and we will serve you.’

11Yahweh sent Jerubbaal, Bedan, Jephthah, and Samuel, and delivered you out of the hand of your enemies on every side; and you lived in safety.

12“When you saw that Nahash the king of the children of Ammon came against you, you said to me, ‘No, but a king shall reign over us;’ when Yahweh your God was your king.

13Now therefore see the king whom you have chosen, and whom you have asked for. Behold, Yahweh has set a king over you.

14If you will fear Yahweh, and serve him, and listen to his voice, and not rebel against the commandment of Yahweh, then both you and also the king who reigns over you are followers of Yahweh your God.

15But if you will not listen to Yahweh’s voice, but rebel against the commandment of Yahweh, then Yahweh’s hand will be against you, as it was against your fathers.

16“Now therefore stand still and see this great thing, which Yahweh will do before your eyes.

17Isn’t it wheat harvest today? I will call to Yahweh, that he may send thunder and rain; and you will know and see that your wickedness is great, which you have done in Yahweh’s sight, in asking for a king.”

18So Samuel called to Yahweh; and Yahweh sent thunder and rain that day. Then all the people greatly feared Yahweh and Samuel.

19All the people said to Samuel, “Pray for your servants to Yahweh your God, that we not die; for we have added to all our sins this evil, to ask for a king.”

20Samuel said to the people, “Don’t be afraid. You have indeed done all this evil; yet don’t turn away from following Yahweh, but serve Yahweh with all your heart.

21Don’t turn away to go after vain things which can’t profit or deliver, for they are vain.

22For Yahweh will not forsake his people for his great name’s sake, because it has pleased Yahweh to make you a people for himself.

23Moreover as for me, far be it from me that I should sin against Yahweh in ceasing to pray for you: but I will instruct you in the good and the right way.

24Only fear Yahweh, and serve him in truth with all your heart; for consider what great things he has done for you.

25But if you keep doing evil, you will be consumed, both you and your king.”

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

Samuel delivers his farewell speech, calling heaven to witness his integrity and warning Israel that king and people alike must obey God or face judgment. Thunder in wheat harvest confirms God's displeasure at their demand for a king.

Authorship & Background

Author: Unknown, traditionally attributed to Samuel (for the early chapters), Nathan, and Gad (1 Chronicles 29:29). Originally one book with 2 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. Written approximately 1050-950 BC. The book covers the transition from the judges to the monarchy — from the birth of Samuel through the death of Saul (approximately 1105-1010 BC). Key themes: God's sovereignty in raising and removing leaders, the danger of rejecting God's rule, the contrast between Saul (man's choice) and David (God's choice), and the principle that 'man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart' (16:7).
Historical Context: Chapter 12 is Samuel's farewell address as judge — his formal transfer of civil authority to the king while retaining his prophetic role. It parallels Moses' farewell (Deuteronomy 31-33) and Joshua's farewell (Joshua 23-24) in structure and purpose. Samuel vindicates his integrity before the nation (vv.1-5), reviews God's faithfulness throughout Israel's history (vv.6-12), sets the conditions for blessing or judgment under the monarchy (vv.13-15), and confirms his words with a miraculous sign — thunder and rain during wheat harvest (vv.16-18). Wheat harvest in Israel occurs in late May/early June — the dry season when rain is virtually unheard of. The supernatural storm demonstrates both God's power and the seriousness of Israel's sin in demanding a king. The people are terrified and confess: "we have added unto all our sins this evil, to ask us a king" (v.19). Samuel's response balances justice and grace: yes, you have sinned — but do not despair. God will not forsake you "for his great name's sake" (v.22). Samuel commits to continued prayer and instruction. His final charge: "Only fear the LORD, and serve him in truth with all your heart: for consider how great things he hath done for you" (v.24). The warning is equally clear: "if ye shall still do wickedly, ye shall be consumed, both ye and your king" (v.25). The monarchy does not exempt Israel from covenant obligations — king and people alike are under God's authority.
Samuel's Vindication of Integrity (vv.1-5): Samuel publicly challenges anyone to accuse him of corruption: "Whose ox have I taken? or whose ass have I taken? or whom have I defrauded? whom have I oppressed?" (v.3). The people unanimously acquit him: "Thou hast not defrauded us, nor oppressed us" (v.4). This is remarkable — a lifetime of public service without a single accusation of injustice. Samuel establishes the standard by which future leaders will be measured. He calls both "the LORD" and "his anointed" (the new king) as witnesses (v.5). His integrity is now on public record. The contrast with his corrupt sons (8:3) and with the kings who will follow is stark.
Historical Review of God's Faithfulness (vv.6-12): Samuel recounts God's pattern: Israel sins, God judges, Israel cries out, God delivers. He names specific deliverers: Jerubbaal (Gideon), Bedan (possibly Barak or Samson — the name is debated), Jephthah, and Samuel himself (v.11). The point: God has always provided leaders when needed — without a king. The demand for a king came specifically when Nahash threatened (v.12) — but "the LORD your God was your king" (v.12). They did not need a human king; they had a divine one. Their demand was not born of necessity but of faithlessness.
Conditions for the Monarchy (vv.13-15): Samuel sets the terms clearly: IF you fear the LORD, serve Him, obey His voice, and do not rebel — THEN both you and your king will prosper (v.14). BUT IF you rebel — THEN "the hand of the LORD will be against you, as it was against your fathers" (v.15). The monarchy does not change the covenant. The king is not above God's law — he is under it. Blessing and judgment still depend on obedience. This is the constitutional principle of Israel's monarchy: the king rules under God, not in place of God.
The Sign of Thunder and Samuel's Final Charge (vv.16-25): Samuel calls for thunder and rain during wheat harvest — a meteorological impossibility in Israel's dry season. God sends it immediately (v.18). The people are terrified and confess their sin (v.19). Samuel's response is pastoral: "Fear not: ye have done all this wickedness: yet turn not aside from following the LORD" (v.20). He gives the theological basis for hope: "the LORD will not forsake his people for his great name's sake: because it hath pleased the LORD to make you his people" (v.22). God's faithfulness rests on His own character and reputation, not on Israel's merit. Samuel then commits to two ongoing ministries: prayer and instruction (v.23). He calls ceasing to pray for them a "sin against the LORD" — intercession is not optional for spiritual leaders. His final charge: "fear the LORD, and serve him in truth with all your heart" (v.24). The warning: continued wickedness will consume both people and king (v.25).

Map & Geography

  • Gilgal: Where Samuel addresses all Israel and formally transfers leadership to Saul — near Jericho, a site of covenant significance
  • Samuel recalls God's deliverances "from Egypt" onward — referencing the geographic scope of God's faithfulness
  • The thunderstorm during wheat harvest confirms the setting: the open agricultural lands around Gilgal

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes that Samuel's farewell demonstrates the proper response to being replaced: he vindicates his integrity without bitterness, commits to continued prayer, and sets clear conditions for the future. He does not sulk or withdraw but transitions gracefully while maintaining his prophetic role.
  • Charles Spurgeon: "'The LORD will not forsake his people for his great name's sake.' Here is the believer's security — not in his own faithfulness but in God's. God's name is at stake in our preservation. He has pledged His reputation to keep His people. If He abandoned us, His name would be dishonored among the nations. Therefore, our hope rests not on our grip on God but on His grip on us — and He holds us for the sake of His own glorious name."

Reflection

  • 1. Integrity is the foundation of spiritual authority (vv.3-5). Samuel could challenge anyone to accuse him — and no one could. His moral authority rested on his moral integrity. Leaders who cannot make this challenge have compromised their authority. Character is not optional for those who would speak for God.
  • 2. God's faithfulness does not depend on our faithfulness (v.22). "The LORD will not forsake his people for his great name's sake." Our security rests not on our performance but on God's character. He keeps us for His glory, not for our merit. This is grace — and it is the only ground of lasting hope.
  • 3. Ceasing to pray for others is sin (v.23). Samuel models this: even though Israel rejected his counsel, he will not stop praying for them. We must not withdraw intercession from those who disappoint us. Prayer is not a reward for good behavior — it is an obligation of love.
  • 4. Gratitude fuels obedience (v.24). "Consider how great things he hath done for you." The motivation for faithful service is not fear of punishment but remembrance of grace. When we forget what God has done, we lose motivation to serve. Regular remembrance of God's goodness is essential fuel for faithful living.
  • 5. Having a king does not exempt from covenant responsibility (v.25). "Both ye and your king" will be consumed if they do wickedly. No human institution — government, church, leader — exempts us from personal obedience to God. The king is under God's law, not above it. So are we.