1 Samuel — Chapter 16

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1And the LORD said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from reigning over Israel? fill thine horn with oil, and go, I will send thee to Jesse the Bethlehemite: for I have provided me a king among his sons.

2And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And the LORD said, Take an heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to the LORD.

3And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will shew thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee.

4And Samuel did that which the LORD spake, and came to Bethlehem. And the elders of the town trembled at his coming, and said, Comest thou peaceably?

5And he said, Peaceably: I am come to sacrifice unto the LORD: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice. And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice.

6And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely the LORD’S anointed is before him.

7But the LORD said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart.

8Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this.

9Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath the LORD chosen this.

10Again, Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, The LORD hath not chosen these.

11And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him: for we will not sit down till he come hither.

12And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him: for this is he.

13Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah.

14But the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him.

15And Saul’s servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee.

16Let our lord now command thy servants, which are before thee, to seek out a man, who is a cunning player on an harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be well.

17And Saul said unto his servants, Provide me now a man that can play well, and bring him to me.

18Then answered one of the servants, and said, Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, that is cunning in playing, and a mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a comely person, and the LORD is with him.

19Wherefore Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David thy son, which is with the sheep.

20And Jesse took an ass laden with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them by David his son unto Saul.

21And David came to Saul, and stood before him: and he loved him greatly; and he became his armourbearer.

22And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, Let David, I pray thee, stand before me; for he hath found favour in my sight.

23And it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took an harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.

1And Jehovah said unto Samuel, How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him from being king over Israel? fill thy horn with oil, and go: I will send thee to Jesse the Beth-lehemite; for I have provided me a king among his sons.

2And Samuel said, How can I go? if Saul hear it, he will kill me. And Jehovah said, Take a heifer with thee, and say, I am come to sacrifice to Jehovah.

3And call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show thee what thou shalt do: and thou shalt anoint unto me him whom I name unto thee.

4And Samuel did that which Jehovah spake, and came to Beth-lehem. And the elders of the city came to meet him trembling, and said, Comest thou peaceably?

5And he said, Peaceably; I am come to sacrifice unto Jehovah: sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice. And he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice.

6And it came to pass, when they were come, that he looked on Eliab, and said, Surely Jehovah`s anointed is before him.

7But Jehovah said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have rejected him: for [Jehovah seeth] not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but Jehovah looketh on the heart.

8Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. And he said, Neither hath Jehovah chosen this.

9Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. And he said, Neither hath Jehovah chosen this.

10And Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Jehovah hath not chosen these.

11And Samuel said unto Jesse, Are here all thy children? And he said, There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he is keeping the sheep. And Samuel said unto Jesse, Send and fetch him; for we will not sit down till he come hither.

12And he sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look upon. And Jehovah said, Arise, anoint him; for this is he.

13Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the midst of his brethren: and the Spirit of Jehovah came mightily upon David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up, and went to Ramah.

14Now the Spirit of Jehovah departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from Jehovah troubled him.

15And Saul`s servants said unto him, Behold now, an evil spirit from God troubleth thee.

16Let our lord now command thy servants, that are before thee, to seek out a man who is a skilful player on the harp: and it shall come to pass, when the evil spirit from God is upon thee, that he shall play with his hand, and thou shalt be well.

17And Saul said unto his servants, Provide me now a man that can play well, and bring him to me.

18Then answered one of the young men, and said, Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Beth-lehemite, that is skilful in playing, and a mighty man of valor, and a man of war, and prudent in speech, and a comely person; and Jehovah is with him.

19Wherefore Saul sent messengers unto Jesse, and said, Send me David thy son, who is with the sheep.

20And Jesse took an ass [laden] with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a kid, and sent them by David his son unto Saul.

21And David came to Saul, and stood before him: and he loved him greatly; and he became his armorbearer.

22And Saul sent to Jesse, saying, Let David, I pray thee, stand before me; for he hath found favor in my sight.

23And it came to pass, when the [evil] spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took the harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.

1The Lord said to Samuel, “How long do you intend to mourn for Saul? I have rejected him as king over Israel. Fill your horn with olive oil and go. I am sending you to Jesse in Bethlehem, for I have selected a king for myself from among his sons.”

2Samuel replied, “How can I go? Saul will hear about it and kill me!” But the Lord said, “Take a heifer with you and say, ‘I have come to sacrifice to the Lord.’

3Then invite Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you should do. You will anoint for me the one I point out to you.”

4Samuel did what the Lord told him. When he arrived in Bethlehem, the elders of the city were afraid to meet him. They said, “Do you come in peace?”

5He replied, “Yes, in peace. I have come to sacrifice to the Lord. Consecrate yourselves and come with me to the sacrifice.” So he consecrated Jesse and his sons and invited them to the sacrifice.

6When they arrived, Samuel noticed Eliab and said to himself, “Surely, here before the Lord stands his chosen king.”

7But the Lord said to Samuel, “Don’t be impressed by his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. God does not view things the way people do. People look on the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart.”

8Then Jesse called Abinadab and presented him to Samuel. But Samuel said, “The Lord has not chosen this one either.”

9Then Jesse presented Shammah. But Samuel said, “The Lord has not chosen this one either.”

10Jesse presented seven of his sons to Samuel. But Samuel said to Jesse, “The Lord has not chosen any of these.”

11Then Samuel asked Jesse, “Is that all the young men?” Jesse replied, “There is still the youngest one, but he’s taking care of the flock.” Samuel said to Jesse, “Send and get him, for we cannot turn our attention to other things until he comes here.”

12So Jesse had him brought in. Now he was ruddy, with attractive eyes and a handsome appearance. The Lord said, “Go and anoint him. This is the one.”

13So Samuel took the horn full of olive oil and anointed him in the presence of his brothers. The Spirit of the Lord rushed upon David from that day onward. Then Samuel got up and went to Ramah.

14Now the Spirit of the Lord had turned away from Saul, and an evil spirit from the Lord tormented him.

15Then Saul’s servants said to him, “Look, an evil spirit from God is tormenting you.

16Let our lord instruct his servants who are here before you to look for a man who knows how to play the lyre. Then whenever the evil spirit from God comes upon you, he can play the lyre and you will feel better.”

17So Saul said to his servants, “Find me a man who plays well and bring him to me.”

18One of his attendants replied, “I have seen a son of Jesse in Bethlehem who knows how to play the lyre. He is a brave warrior and is articulate and handsome, for the Lord is with him.”

19So Saul sent messengers to Jesse and said, “Send me your son David, who is out with the sheep.”

20So Jesse took a donkey loaded with bread, a container of wine, and a young goat and sent them to Saul with his son David.

21David came to Saul and stood before him. Saul liked him a great deal, and he became his armor-bearer.

22Then Saul sent word to Jesse saying, “Let David be my servant, for I am very pleased with him.”

23So whenever the spirit from God would come upon Saul, David would take his lyre and play it. This would bring relief to Saul and make him feel better. Then the evil spirit would leave him alone.

1Yahweh said to Samuel, “How long will you mourn for Saul, since I have rejected him from being king over Israel? Fill your horn with oil, and go. I will send you to Jesse the Bethlehemite; for I have provided a king for myself among his sons.”

2Samuel said, “How can I go? If Saul hears it, he will kill me.” Yahweh said, “Take a heifer with you, and say, I have come to sacrifice to Yahweh.

3Call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will show you what you shall do. You shall anoint to me him whom I name to you.”

4Samuel did that which Yahweh spoke, and came to Bethlehem. The elders of the city came to meet him trembling, and said, “Do you come peaceably?”

5He said, “Peaceably; I have come to sacrifice to Yahweh. Sanctify yourselves, and come with me to the sacrifice.” He sanctified Jesse and his sons, and called them to the sacrifice.

6When they had come, he looked at Eliab, and said, “Surely Yahweh’s anointed is before him.”

7But Yahweh said to Samuel, “Don’t look on his face, or on the height of his stature, because I have rejected him; for I don’t see as man sees. For man looks at the outward appearance, but Yahweh looks at the heart.”

8Then Jesse called Abinadab, and made him pass before Samuel. He said, “Yahweh has not chosen this one, either.”

9Then Jesse made Shammah to pass by. He said, “Yahweh has not chosen this one, either.”

10Jesse made seven of his sons to pass before Samuel. Samuel said to Jesse, “Yahweh has not chosen these.”

11Samuel said to Jesse, “Are all your children here?” He said, “There remains yet the youngest. Behold, he is keeping the sheep.” Samuel said to Jesse, “Send and get him, for we will not sit down until he comes here.”

12He sent, and brought him in. Now he was ruddy, with a handsome face and good appearance. Yahweh said, “Arise! Anoint him, for this is he.”

13Then Samuel took the horn of oil, and anointed him in the middle of his brothers. Then Yahweh’s Spirit came mightily on David from that day forward. So Samuel rose up and went to Ramah.

14Now Yahweh’s Spirit departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from Yahweh troubled him.

15Saul’s servants said to him, “See now, an evil spirit from God troubles you.

16Let our lord now command your servants who are in front of you to seek out a man who is a skillful player on the harp. Then when the evil spirit from God is on you, he will play with his hand, and you will be well.”

17Saul said to his servants, “Provide me now a man who can play well, and bring him to me.”

18Then one of the young men answered, and said, “Behold, I have seen a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite who is skillful in playing, a mighty man of valor, a man of war, prudent in speech, and a handsome person; and Yahweh is with him.”

19Therefore Saul sent messengers to Jesse, and said, “Send me David your son, who is with the sheep.”

20Jesse took a donkey loaded with bread, and a bottle of wine, and a young goat, and sent them by David his son to Saul.

21David came to Saul, and stood before him. He loved him greatly; and he became his armor bearer.

22Saul sent to Jesse, saying, “Please let David stand before me; for he has found favor in my sight.”

23When the spirit from God was on Saul, David took the harp, and played with his hand; so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

God sends Samuel to Bethlehem to anoint David, the youngest son of Jesse, as the next king. The Spirit of the LORD comes upon David, while an evil spirit torments Saul, and David enters Saul's service as a musician.

Authorship & Background

Author: Unknown, traditionally attributed to Samuel (for the early chapters), Nathan, and Gad (1 Chronicles 29:29). Originally one book with 2 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. Written approximately 1050-950 BC. The book covers the transition from the judges to the monarchy — from the birth of Samuel through the death of Saul (approximately 1105-1010 BC). Key themes: God's sovereignty in raising and removing leaders, the danger of rejecting God's rule, the contrast between Saul (man's choice) and David (God's choice), and the principle that 'man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart' (16:7).
Historical Context: Chapter 16 is the great turning point of 1 Samuel — the anointing of David. God sends Samuel to Bethlehem, to the house of Jesse, to anoint a new king. The chapter contains the book's defining theological statement: "man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart" (v.7). This principle explains everything that has come before (Saul's selection based on appearance) and everything that follows (David's selection based on heart). David is the youngest son, a shepherd, overlooked by his own family — not even brought to the sacrifice until Samuel insists. Yet God says "this is he" (v.12). The Spirit of the LORD comes upon David "from that day forward" (v.13) — a permanent empowerment, unlike Saul's intermittent experiences. Simultaneously, "the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him" (v.14). The transfer of divine favor is complete: what Saul loses, David receives. The chapter then brings David into Saul's court through providence — Saul needs a musician to soothe his tormented spirit, and David is recommended as "cunning in playing, and a mighty valiant man, and a man of war, and prudent in matters, and a comely person, and the LORD is with him" (v.18). The irony is profound: Saul unknowingly brings his own replacement into his household. David serves Saul, plays the harp, and drives away the evil spirit. The man after God's own heart now stands in the presence of the man God has rejected — and Saul "loved him greatly" (v.21), not knowing that this shepherd boy will take his throne.
Samuel Sent to Bethlehem (vv.1-5): God rebukes Samuel's prolonged grief: "How long wilt thou mourn for Saul, seeing I have rejected him?" (v.1). Grief has its place, but it must not paralyze obedience. God's command: "fill thine horn with oil, and go." The horn (not a vial, as with Saul — 10:1) suggests permanence and abundance. Samuel fears Saul's reaction: "If Saul hear it, he will kill me" (v.2). God provides a legitimate cover: bring a heifer for sacrifice. This is not deception — Samuel genuinely sacrifices — but it is discretion. God does not require His servants to be foolishly transparent with dangerous men. The elders of Bethlehem tremble at Samuel's arrival (v.4) — a prophet's unexpected visit could mean judgment. Samuel reassures them and consecrates Jesse's family for the sacrifice.
God's Choice: Not by Appearance (vv.6-10): When Jesse's sons arrive, Samuel sees Eliab — the eldest, presumably tall and impressive — and thinks "Surely the LORD's anointed is before him" (v.6). Even Samuel, the prophet, defaults to judging by appearance. God's correction is immediate and definitive: "Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; because I have refused him: for the LORD seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart" (v.7). This is the book's thesis statement. Saul was chosen by appearance (9:2); David is chosen by heart. Seven sons pass before Samuel — all rejected. God's choice is not among the obvious candidates.
David Anointed (vv.11-13): Samuel asks: "Are here all thy children?" (v.11). Jesse's answer reveals David's status in the family: "There remaineth yet the youngest, and, behold, he keepeth the sheep." David is so insignificant that his father did not bother to bring him. He is the youngest (ha-qatan), the shepherd — the one left with the menial task while his brothers attend the important event. Samuel insists: "we will not sit down till he come hither" (v.11). David arrives — "ruddy, and withal of a beautiful countenance, and goodly to look to" (v.12). He is attractive, but that is not why God chose him. God says: "Arise, anoint him: for this is he" (v.12). Samuel anoints David "in the midst of his brethren" (v.13) — publicly within the family, though the full significance may not be immediately understood. "The Spirit of the LORD came upon David from that day forward" (v.13) — permanent, ongoing empowerment. Unlike Saul's intermittent Spirit-experiences, David's anointing brings lasting divine presence.
The Spirit Departs from Saul (vv.14-23): The transfer is stark: "the Spirit of the LORD departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from the LORD troubled him" (v.14). The "evil spirit from the LORD" is a spirit of torment permitted (or sent) by God as judgment. It produces anxiety, fear, rage, and instability — the symptoms that will characterize Saul's remaining years. His servants suggest music therapy (v.16), and one recommends "a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite" (v.18). The description of David is remarkable: skilled musician, mighty warrior, man of war, prudent in speech, handsome, and "the LORD is with him" (v.18). This last phrase is the most important — it is what Saul has lost. David enters Saul's service, becomes his armor-bearer, and plays the harp when the evil spirit comes. "Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him" (v.23). The man who carries God's Spirit brings relief to the man from whom God's Spirit has departed. The irony is complete: Saul's comfort comes from the very man who will replace him.

Map & Geography

  • Bethlehem: David's hometown, about 5 miles south of Jerusalem in the Judean hills — where Samuel anoints him
  • Ramah to Bethlehem: Samuel travels south from his home to Jesse's house — a journey of about 10 miles
  • Gibeah: Saul's court where David is brought to play the harp — in Benjamin, north of Jerusalem

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes that David was so overlooked that his own father did not bring him to the sacrifice. God's choices often surprise everyone — including the family. He notes that "the LORD looketh on the heart" does not mean David was sinless but that his fundamental orientation was toward God.
  • Charles Spurgeon: "'Man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart.' Here is the great difference between divine and human judgment. We see the face; God sees the soul. We measure by height and beauty; God measures by faith and love. We choose the impressive; God chooses the faithful. Let us learn to value what God values — not the outward show that perishes but the inward grace that endures. And let us take comfort: if God looks on the heart, then the humble, the overlooked, the forgotten shepherd boy may be God's chosen king."

Reflection

  • 1. God looks at the heart, not the appearance (v.7). This is the book's central message. We judge by what we see; God judges by what He sees. This means: (a) Do not evaluate others by external impressions. (b) Do not evaluate yourself by external achievements. (c) Cultivate your heart before God — that is what He examines.
  • 2. God's choices often surprise everyone (vv.11-12). David was so overlooked that his own father did not bring him. God frequently chooses the youngest, the smallest, the forgotten. If you feel overlooked or insignificant, take heart — God may be preparing you for something no one expects. His choices do not follow human logic.
  • 3. The Spirit's presence is the essential difference (vv.13-14). What David gained, Saul lost. The Spirit came upon David permanently; the Spirit departed from Saul. Every other difference between them flows from this one. Without God's Spirit, all human ability is insufficient. With God's Spirit, even a shepherd boy becomes a king.
  • 4. God's providence works through ordinary means (vv.18-23). David enters Saul's court not through political maneuvering but through musical skill. God uses our ordinary abilities — our work, our talents, our daily faithfulness — to position us for His purposes. Develop your gifts; God will use them in ways you cannot predict.
  • 5. Grief must not paralyze obedience (v.1). "How long wilt thou mourn for Saul?" Samuel's grief was legitimate — but it was becoming an excuse for inaction. There comes a time when mourning what was lost must give way to embracing what God is doing next. Do not let grief over the past prevent you from participating in God's future.