1 Samuel — Chapter 23

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1Then they told David, saying, Behold, the Philistines fight against Keilah, and they rob the threshingfloors.

2Therefore David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go and smite these Philistines? And the LORD said unto David, Go, and smite the Philistines, and save Keilah.

3And David’s men said unto him, Behold, we be afraid here in Judah: how much more then if we come to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?

4Then David enquired of the LORD yet again. And the LORD answered him and said, Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will deliver the Philistines into thine hand.

5So David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the Philistines, and brought away their cattle, and smote them with a great slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah.

6And it came to pass, when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, that he came down with an ephod in his hand.

7And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah. And Saul said, God hath delivered him into mine hand; for he is shut in, by entering into a town that hath gates and bars.

8And Saul called all the people together to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men.

9And David knew that Saul secretly practised mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, Bring hither the ephod.

10Then said David, O LORD God of Israel, thy servant hath certainly heard that Saul seeketh to come to Keilah, to destroy the city for my sake.

11Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? will Saul come down, as thy servant hath heard? O LORD God of Israel, I beseech thee, tell thy servant. And the LORD said, He will come down.

12Then said David, Will the men of Keilah deliver me and my men into the hand of Saul? And the LORD said, They will deliver thee up.

13Then David and his men, which were about six hundred, arose and departed out of Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go. And it was told Saul that David was escaped from Keilah; and he forbare to go forth.

14And David abode in the wilderness in strong holds, and remained in a mountain in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought him every day, but God delivered him not into his hand.

15And David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life: and David was in the wilderness of Ziph in a wood.

16And Jonathan Saul’s son arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God.

17And he said unto him, Fear not: for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth.

18And they two made a covenant before the LORD: and David abode in the wood, and Jonathan went to his house.

19Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself with us in strong holds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of Jeshimon?

20Now therefore, O king, come down according to all the desire of thy soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him into the king’s hand.

21And Saul said, Blessed be ye of the LORD; for ye have compassion on me.

22Go, I pray you, prepare yet, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who hath seen him there: for it is told me that he dealeth very subtilly.

23See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hideth himself, and come ye again to me with the certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass, if he be in the land, that I will search him out throughout all the thousands of Judah.

24And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the plain on the south of Jeshimon.

25Saul also and his men went to seek him. And they told David: wherefore he came down into a rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon. And when Saul heard that, he pursued after David in the wilderness of Maon.

26And Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his men on that side of the mountain: and David made haste to get away for fear of Saul; for Saul and his men compassed David and his men round about to take them.

27But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines have invaded the land.

28Wherefore Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went against the Philistines: therefore they called that place Sela-hammahlekoth.

29And David went up from thence, and dwelt in strong holds at En-gedi.

1And they told David, saying, Behold, the Philistines are fighting against Keilah, and are robbing the threshing-floors.

2Therefore David inquired of Jehovah, saying, Shall I go and smite these Philistines? And Jehovah said unto David, Go, and smite the Philistines, and save Keilah.

3And David`s men said unto him, Behold, we are afraid here in Judah: how much more then if we go to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?

4Then David inquired of Jehovah yet again. And Jehovah answered him, and said, Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will deliver the Philistines into thy hand.

5And David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the Philistines, and brought away their cattle, and slew them with a great slaughter. So David save the inhabitants of Keilah.

6And it came to pass, when Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, that he came down with an ephod in his hand.

7And it was told Saul that David was come to Keilah. And Saul said, God hath delivered him into my hand; for he is shut in, by entering into a town that hath gates and bars.

8And Saul summoned all the people to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men.

9And David knew that Saul was devising mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, Bring hither the ephod.

10Then said David, O Jehovah, the God of Israel, thy servant hath surely heard that Saul seeketh to come to Keilah, to destroy the city for my sake.

11Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? will Saul come down, as thy servant hath heard? O Jehovah, the God of Israel, I beseech thee, tell thy servant. And Jehovah said, He will come down.

12Then said David, Will the men of Keilah deliver up to me and my men into the hand of Saul? And Jehovah said, They will deliver thee up.

13Then David and his men, who were about six hundred, arose and departed out of Keilah, and went whithersoever they could go. And it was told Saul that David was escaped from Keilah; and he forbare to go forth.

14And David abode in the wilderness in the strongholds, and remained in the hill-country in the wilderness of Ziph. And Saul sought him every day, but God delivered him not into his hand.

15And David saw that Saul was come out to seek his life: and David was in the wilderness of Ziph in the wood.

16And Jonathan, Saul`s son, arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God.

17And he said unto him, Fear not; for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth.

18And they two made a covenant before Jehovah: and David abode in the wood, and Jonathan went to his house.

19Then came up the Ziphites to Saul to Gibeah, saying, Doth not David hide himself with us in the strongholds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of the desert?

20Now therefore, O king, come down, according to all the desire of thy soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him up into the king`s hand.

21And Saul said, Blessed be ye of Jehovah; for ye have had compassion on me.

22Go, I pray you, make yet more sure, and know and see his place where his haunt is, [and] who hath seen him there; for it is told me that he dealeth very subtly.

23See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking-places where he hideth himself, and come ye again to me of a certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall come to pass, if he be in the land, that I will search him out among all the thousands of Judah.

24And they arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the Arabah on the south of the desert.

25And Saul and his men went to seek him. And they told David: wherefore he came down to the rock, and abode in the wilderness of Maon. And when Saul heard [that], he pursued after David in the wilderness of Maon.

26And Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his men on that side of the mountain: and David made haste to get away for fear of Saul; for Saul and his men compassed David and his men round about to take them.

27But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines have made a raid upon the land.

28So Saul returned from pursuing after David, and went against the Philistines: therefore they called that place Sela-hammahlekoth.

29And David went up from thence, and dwelt in the strongholds of En-gedi.

1They told David, “The Philistines are fighting in Keilah and are looting the threshing floors.”

2So David asked the Lord, “Should I go and strike down these Philistines?” The Lord said to David, “Go, strike down the Philistines and deliver Keilah.”

3But David’s men said to him, “We are afraid while we are still here in Judah. What will it be like if we go to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?”

4So David asked the Lord once again. But again the Lord replied, “Arise, go down to Keilah, for I will give the Philistines into your hand.”

5So David and his men went to Keilah and fought the Philistines. He took away their cattle and thoroughly defeated them. David delivered the inhabitants of Keilah.

6Now when Abiathar son of Ahimelech had fled to David at Keilah, he had brought with him an ephod.

7When Saul was told that David had come to Keilah, Saul said, “God has delivered him into my hand, for he has boxed himself into a corner by entering a city with two barred gates.”

8So Saul mustered all his army to go down to Keilah and besiege David and his men.

9When David realized that Saul was planning to harm him, he told Abiathar the priest, “Bring the ephod.”

10Then David said, “O Lord God of Israel, your servant has clearly heard that Saul is planning to come to Keilah to destroy the city because of me.

11Will the leaders of Keilah deliver me into his hand? Will Saul come down as your servant has heard? O Lord God of Israel, please inform your servant.”Then the Lord said, “He will come down.”

12David asked, “Will the leaders of Keilah deliver me and my men into Saul’s hand?” The Lord said, “They will deliver you over.”

13So David and his men, who numbered about 600, set out and left Keilah; they moved around from one place to another. When told that David had escaped from Keilah, Saul called a halt to his expedition.

14David stayed in the strongholds that were in the desert and in the hill country of the wilderness of Ziph. Saul looked for him all the time, but God did not deliver David into his hands.

15David realized that Saul had come out to seek his life; at that time David was in Horesh in the wilderness of Ziph.

16Then Jonathan son of Saul left and went to David at Horesh. He encouraged him through God.

17He said to him, “Don’t be afraid! For the hand of my father Saul cannot find you. You will rule over Israel, and I will be your second-in-command. Even my father Saul realizes this.”

18When the two of them had made a covenant before the Lord, David stayed at Horesh, but Jonathan went to his house.

19Then the Ziphites went up to Saul at Gibeah and said, “Isn’t David hiding among us in the strongholds at Horesh on the hill of Hakilah, south of Jeshimon?

20Now at your own discretion, O king, come down. Delivering him into the king’s hand will be our responsibility.”

21Saul replied, “May you be blessed by the Lord, for you have had compassion on me.

22Go and make further arrangements. Determine precisely where he is and who has seen him there, for I am told that he is extremely cunning.

23Locate precisely all the places where he hides and return to me with dependable information. Then I will go with you. If he is in the land, I will find him among all the thousands of Judah.”

24So they left and went to Ziph ahead of Saul. Now David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the rift valley to the south of Jeshimon.

25Saul and his men went to look for him. But David was informed and went down to the rock and stayed in the wilderness of Maon. When Saul heard about it, he pursued David in the wilderness of Maon.

26Saul went on one side of the mountain, while David and his men went on the other side of the mountain. David was hurrying to get away from Saul, but Saul and his men were surrounding David and his men to capture them.

27But a messenger came to Saul saying, “Come quickly, for the Philistines have raided the land!”

28So Saul stopped pursuing David and went to confront the Philistines. Therefore that place is called Sela Hammahlekoth.

29(24:1) Then David went up from there and stayed in the strongholds of En Gedi.

1David was told, “Behold, the Philistines are fighting against Keilah, and are robbing the threshing floors.”

2Therefore David inquired of Yahweh, saying, “Shall I go and strike these Philistines?” Yahweh said to David, “Go strike the Philistines, and save Keilah.”

3David’s men said to him, “Behold, we are afraid here in Judah. How much more then if we go to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines?”

4Then David inquired of Yahweh yet again. Yahweh answered him, and said, “Arise, go down to Keilah; for I will deliver the Philistines into your hand.”

5David and his men went to Keilah, and fought with the Philistines, and brought away their livestock, and killed them with a great slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah.

6When Abiathar the son of Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, he came down with an ephod in his hand.

7Saul was told that David had come to Keilah. Saul said, “God has delivered him into my hand; for he is shut in by entering into a town that has gates and bars.”

8Saul summoned all the people to war, to go down to Keilah, to besiege David and his men.

9David knew that Saul was devising mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, “Bring the ephod here.”

10Then David said, “O Yahweh, the God of Israel, your servant has surely heard that Saul seeks to come to Keilah, to destroy the city for my sake.

11Will the men of Keilah deliver me up into his hand? Will Saul come down, as your servant has heard? Yahweh, the God of Israel, I beg you, tell your servant.” Yahweh said, “He will come down.”

12Then David said, “Will the men of Keilah deliver me and my men into the hand of Saul?” Yahweh said, “They will deliver you up.”

13Then David and his men, who were about six hundred, arose and departed out of Keilah, and went wherever they could go. Saul was told that David was escaped from Keilah; and he gave up going there.

14David stayed in the wilderness in the strongholds, and remained in the hill country in the wilderness of Ziph. Saul sought him every day, but God didn’t deliver him into his hand.

15David saw that Saul had come out to seek his life. David was in the wilderness of Ziph in the wood.

16Jonathan, Saul’s son, arose, and went to David into the woods, and strengthened his hand in God.

17He said to him, “Don’t be afraid; for the hand of Saul my father won’t find you; and you will be king over Israel, and I will be next to you; and Saul my father knows that also.”

18They both made a covenant before Yahweh. Then David stayed in the woods, and Jonathan went to his house.

19Then the Ziphites came up to Saul to Gibeah, saying, “Doesn’t David hide himself with us in the strongholds in the woods, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of the desert?

20Now therefore, O king, come down. According to all the desire of your soul to come down; and our part will be to deliver him up into the king’s hand.”

21Saul said, “You are blessed by Yahweh; for you have had compassion on me.

22Please go make yet more sure, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who has seen him there; for I have been told that he deals very crafty.

23See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hides himself, and come again to me with certainty, and I will go with you. It shall happen, if he is in the land, that I will search him out among all the thousands of Judah.”

24They arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the Arabah on the south of the desert.

25Saul and his men went to seek him. When David was told, he went down to the rock, and stayed in the wilderness of Maon. When Saul heard that, he pursued David in the wilderness of Maon.

26Saul went on this side of the mountain, and David and his men on that side of the mountain; and David hurried to get away for fear of Saul; for Saul and his men surrounded David and his men to take them.

27But a messenger came to Saul, saying, “Hurry and come; for the Philistines have made a raid on the land!”

28So Saul returned from pursuing David, and went against the Philistines. Therefore they called that place Sela Hammahlekoth.

29David went up from there, and lived in the strongholds of En Gedi.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

David rescues the town of Keilah from the Philistines but flees when God reveals the town would betray him. Saul pursues David in the wilderness of Ziph, and Jonathan visits David to strengthen his hand in God.

Authorship & Background

Author: Unknown, traditionally attributed to Samuel (for the early chapters), Nathan, and Gad (1 Chronicles 29:29). Originally one book with 2 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. Written approximately 1050-950 BC. The book covers the transition from the judges to the monarchy — from the birth of Samuel through the death of Saul (approximately 1105-1010 BC). Key themes: God's sovereignty in raising and removing leaders, the danger of rejecting God's rule, the contrast between Saul (man's choice) and David (God's choice), and the principle that 'man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart' (16:7).
Historical Context: Chapter 23 demonstrates God's active guidance and protection of David during his fugitive years. The chapter shows David doing what Saul should be doing — defending Israel from the Philistines (vv.1-5) — while Saul obsesses over hunting David. Three key themes emerge: (1) David's pattern of inquiring of the LORD before acting (vv.2, 4, 9-12) — a stark contrast to Saul, who acts on impulse and paranoia; (2) Jonathan's final visit to strengthen David's hand "in God" (v.16) — their last recorded meeting; (3) God's providential deliverance at the last possible moment (vv.26-28). The chapter also reveals the painful reality that those David saves (Keilah) would betray him to Saul (v.12), and his own countrymen (the Ziphites) actively inform against him (v.19). David is surrounded by enemies — Saul above, Philistines below, and treacherous neighbors on every side. Yet "God delivered him not into his hand" (v.14). The chapter climaxes with a breathtaking near-capture: Saul's men are literally closing in on David from both sides of a mountain when a messenger arrives with news of a Philistine invasion (v.27). God's timing is perfect — deliverance comes at the last possible second.
David Saves Keilah (vv.1-6): David hears that Philistines are attacking Keilah and robbing the threshing floors (v.1). His first response is to inquire of the LORD (v.2) — not to act on impulse. God says "Go." David's men are afraid — they are already fugitives in Judah; fighting Philistines seems suicidal (v.3). David inquires again (v.4) — not doubting God but seeking confirmation for his men's sake. God confirms: "I will deliver the Philistines into thine hand" (v.4). David attacks and saves Keilah (v.5). Note: David is doing the king's job. Saul should be defending Israel's cities; instead, the fugitive does it. Abiathar arrives with the ephod (v.6), giving David access to divine guidance through the priestly oracle.
Keilah's Betrayal and David's Escape (vv.7-13): Saul hears David is in Keilah and sees it as a trap: "God hath delivered him into mine hand; for he is shut in" (v.7). Saul blasphemously credits God for what is actually his own murderous pursuit. David inquires of the LORD through the ephod (vv.9-12): Will Saul come? "He will come down." Will Keilah's citizens surrender me? "They will deliver thee up." The people David just saved would hand him over to Saul. David and his now-600 men leave immediately (v.13). Saul, hearing David has escaped, abandons the expedition. The lesson: gratitude is unreliable; only God's guidance is trustworthy.
Jonathan Strengthens David (vv.14-18): David hides in the wilderness of Ziph. "Saul sought him every day, but God delivered him not into his hand" (v.14). Then comes one of the most beautiful moments in Scripture: "Jonathan Saul's son arose, and went to David into the wood, and strengthened his hand in God" (v.16). Jonathan risks everything to encourage David. His words: "Fear not: for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee" (v.17). Jonathan fully accepts God's plan — David will be king, and Jonathan will serve under him. They make a covenant before the LORD (v.18). This is their last recorded meeting. Jonathan returns home; David remains in hiding.
The Ziphites' Betrayal and God's Deliverance (vv.19-29): The Ziphites (men of Ziph, in Judah) betray David to Saul (v.19). Saul blesses them: "ye have compassion on me" (v.21) — still seeing himself as the victim. Saul pursues David through the wilderness of Maon. The pursuit reaches its climax in v.26: Saul on one side of the mountain, David on the other, Saul's men closing in. David is "making haste to get away" — it appears hopeless. Then v.27: "But there came a messenger unto Saul, saying, Haste thee, and come; for the Philistines have invaded the land." God uses the Philistines to rescue David. Saul must abandon the pursuit. The place is named "Sela-hammahlekoth" = "Rock of Escape" or "Rock of Divisions" (v.28). David moves to the strongholds of En-gedi (v.29).

Map & Geography

  • Keilah: A walled city in the western Judean foothills — David saves it from the Philistines but must flee when its citizens would betray him
  • Wilderness of Ziph: Southeast of Hebron — Jonathan visits David for the last time to strengthen his faith
  • Wilderness of Maon: Further south — Saul nearly catches David but is called away by a Philistine raid

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes David's pattern of inquiring of the LORD — twice before Keilah, and again when threatened. He notes that Jonathan's visit to "strengthen his hand in God" is one of the most beautiful pictures of friendship in Scripture — and tragically, their last recorded meeting.
  • Charles Spurgeon: "Jonathan strengthened David's hand in God. What a ministry! Not in armies, not in gold, not in political schemes — but in God. This is the truest help one soul can give another: to point them upward, to remind them of God's promises, to strengthen their grip on the Almighty. Do you have a friend in the wilderness? Go to them. Not with worldly counsel but with the Word of God. Strengthen their hand in God, and you have done them eternal good."

Reflection

  • 1. Inquire of the LORD before acting (vv.2, 4, 9-12). David's consistent pattern: ask God first. Not once but repeatedly — even asking the same question twice for confirmation. Do not assume you know God's will. Ask. Wait for His answer. Then act with confidence.
  • 2. Those you help may not help you (v.12). Keilah would have surrendered David to Saul — the very man who just saved them. Do not serve others expecting gratitude. Serve because God commands it. Human gratitude is unreliable; God's reward is certain.
  • 3. Strengthen others' hands in God (v.16). Jonathan's ministry to David was not military or political — it was spiritual. He pointed David back to God's promises. This is the most valuable thing you can do for a struggling friend: not fix their problems but strengthen their faith.
  • 4. God's deliverance often comes at the last moment (vv.26-27). Saul was literally closing in when the messenger arrived. God does not always deliver early — sometimes He waits until the last second. This builds faith that cannot be built any other way. If God has not delivered yet, it is not too late.
  • 5. Accept your place in God's plan (v.17). Jonathan accepted that he would be "next to" David, not king himself. Spiritual maturity is finding joy in God's assignment for you — even when it is not the role you expected or desired. Not everyone is called to lead; some are called to strengthen the leader's hand.