1 Samuel — Chapter 6

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1And the ark of the LORD was in the country of the Philistines seven months.

2And the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, What shall we do to the ark of the LORD? tell us wherewith we shall send it to his place.

3And they said, If ye send away the ark of the God of Israel, send it not empty; but in any wise return him a trespass offering: then ye shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.

4Then said they, What shall be the trespass offering which we shall return to him? They answered, Five golden emerods, and five golden mice, according to the number of the lords of the Philistines: for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.

5Wherefore ye shall make images of your emerods, and images of your mice that mar the land; and ye shall give glory unto the God of Israel: peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, and from off your land.

6Wherefore then do ye harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? when he had wrought wonderfully among them, did they not let the people go, and they departed?

7Now therefore make a new cart, and take two milch kine, on which there hath come no yoke, and tie the kine to the cart, and bring their calves home from them:

8And take the ark of the LORD, and lay it upon the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which ye return him for a trespass offering, in a coffer by the side thereof; and send it away, that it may go.

9And see, if it goeth up by the way of his own coast to Beth-shemesh, then he hath done us this great evil: but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that smote us; it was a chance that happened to us.

10And the men did so; and took two milch kine, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home:

11And they laid the ark of the LORD upon the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the images of their emerods.

12And the kine took the straight way to the way of Beth-shemesh, and went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them unto the border of Beth-shemesh.

13And they of Beth-shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley: and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.

14And the cart came into the field of Joshua, a Beth-shemite, and stood there, where there was a great stone: and they clave the wood of the cart, and offered the kine a burnt offering unto the LORD.

15And the Levites took down the ark of the LORD, and the coffer that was with it, wherein the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone: and the men of Beth-shemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day unto the LORD.

16And when the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.

17And these are the golden emerods which the Philistines returned for a trespass offering unto the LORD; for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Askelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one;

18And the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fenced cities, and of country villages, even unto the great stone of Abel, whereon they set down the ark of the LORD: which stone remaineth unto this day in the field of Joshua, the Beth-shemite.

19And he smote the men of Beth-shemesh, because they had looked into the ark of the LORD, even he smote of the people fifty thousand and threescore and ten men: and the people lamented, because the LORD had smitten many of the people with a great slaughter.

20And the men of Beth-shemesh said, Who is able to stand before this holy LORD God? and to whom shall he go up from us?

21And they sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kirjath-jearim, saying, The Philistines have brought again the ark of the LORD; come ye down, and fetch it up to you.

1And the ark of Jehovah was in the country of the Philistines seven months.

2And the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, What shall we do with the ark of Jehovah? show us wherewith we shall sent it to its place.

3And they said, If ye send away the ark of the God of Israel, send it not empty; but by all means return him a trespass-offering: then ye shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.

4Then said they, What shall be the trespass-offering which we shall return to him? And they said, Five golden tumors, and five golden mice, [according to] the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.

5Wherefore ye shall make images of your tumors, and images of your mice that mar the land; and ye shall give glory unto the God of Israel: peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, and from off your land.

6Wherefore then do ye harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When he had wrought wonderfully among them, did they not let the people go, and they departed?

7Now therefore take and prepare you a new cart, and two milch kine, on which there hath come no yoke; and tie the kine to the cart, and bring their calves home from them;

8and take the ark of Jehovah, and lay it upon the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which ye return him for a trespass-offering, in a coffer by the side thereof; and send it away, that it may go.

9And see; if it goeth up by the way of its own border to Beth-shemesh, then he hath done us this great evil: but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that smote us; it was a chance that happened to us.

10And the men did so, and took two milch kine, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home;

11and they put the ark of Jehovah upon the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the images of their tumors.

12And the kine took the straight way by the way to Beth-shemesh; they went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them unto the border of Beth-shemesh.

13And they of Beth-shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley; and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.

14And the cart came into the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and stood there, where there was a great stone: and they clave the wood of the cart, and offered up the kine for a burnt-offering unto Jehovah.

15And the Levites took down the ark of Jehovah, and the coffer that was with it, wherein the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone: and the men of Beth-shemesh offered burnt-offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day unto Jehovah.

16And when the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.

17And these are the golden tumors which the Philistines returned for a trespass-offering unto Jehovah: for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Ashkelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one;

18and the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fortified cities and of country villages, even unto the great stone, whereon they set down the ark of Jehovah, [which stone remaineth] unto this day in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite.

19And he smote of the men of Beth-shemesh, because they had looked into the ark of Jehovah, he smote of the people seventy men, [and] fifty thousand men; and the people mourned, because Jehovah had smitten the people with a great slaughter.

20And the men of Beth-shemesh said, Who is able to stand before Jehovah, this holy God? and to whom shall he go up from us?

21And they sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kiriath-jearim, saying, The Philistines have brought back the ark of Jehovah; come ye down, and fetch it up to you.

1When the ark of the Lord had been in the land of the Philistines for seven months,

2the Philistines called the priests and the omen readers, saying, “What should we do with the ark of the Lord? Advise us as to how we should send it back to its place.”

3They replied, “If you are going to send the ark of the God of Israel back, don’t send it away empty. Be sure to return it with a guilt offering. Then you will be healed, and you will understand why his hand has not been removed from you.”

4They inquired, “What is the guilt offering that we should send to him?” They replied, “The Philistine leaders number five. So send five gold sores and five gold mice, for it is the same plague that has afflicted both you and your leaders.

5You should make images of the sores and images of the mice that are destroying the land. You should honor the God of Israel. Perhaps he will release his grip on you, your gods, and your land.

6Why harden your hearts like the Egyptians and Pharaoh did? When God treated them harshly, didn’t the Egyptians send the Israelites on their way?

7So now go and make a new cart. Get two cows that have calves and that have never had a yoke placed on them. Harness the cows to the cart, and take their calves from them back to their stalls.

8Then take the ark of the Lord and place it on the cart, and put in a chest beside it the gold objects you are sending to him as a guilt offering. You should then send it on its way.

9But keep an eye on it. If it should go up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has brought this great calamity on us. But if that is not the case, then we will know that it was not his hand that struck us; rather, it just happened to us by accident.”

10So the men did as instructed. They took two cows that had calves and harnessed the cows to a cart; they also removed their calves to their stalls.

11They put the ark of the Lord on the cart, along with the chest, the gold mice, and the images of the sores.

12Then the cows went directly on the road to Beth Shemesh. They went along that route, bellowing more and more; they turned neither to the right nor to the left. The leaders of the Philistines were walking along behind them all the way to the border of Beth Shemesh.

13Now the residents of Beth Shemesh were harvesting wheat in the valley. When they looked up and saw the ark, they were pleased at the sight.

14The cart was coming to the field of Joshua, who was from Beth Shemesh. It paused there near a big stone. Then they cut up the wood of the cart and offered the cows as a burnt offering to the Lord.

15The Levites took down the ark of the Lord and the chest that was with it, which contained the gold objects. They placed them near the big stone. At that time the people of Beth Shemesh offered burnt offerings and made sacrifices to the Lord.

16The five leaders of the Philistines watched what was happening and then returned to Ekron on the same day.

17These are the gold sores that the Philistines brought as a guilt offering to the Lord—one for each of the following cities: Ashdod, Gaza, Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron.

18The gold mice corresponded in number to all the Philistine cities of the five leaders, from the fortified cities to hamlet villages, to greater Abel. They positioned the ark of the Lord on a rock until this very day in the field of Joshua who was from Beth Shemesh.

19But the Lord struck down some of the people of Beth Shemesh because they had looked into the ark of the Lord; he struck down 50,070 of the men. The people grieved because the Lord had struck the people with a hard blow.

20The residents of Beth Shemesh asked, “Who is able to stand before the Lord, this holy God? To whom will the ark go up from here?”

21So they sent messengers to the residents of Kiriath Jearim, saying, “The Philistines have returned the ark of the Lord. Come down here and take it back home with you.”

1Yahweh’s ark was in the country of the Philistines seven months.

2The Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, “What shall we do with Yahweh’s ark? Show us how we should send it to its place.”

3They said, “If you send away the ark of the God of Israel, don’t send it empty; but by all means return a trespass offering to him. Then you will be healed, and it will be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.”

4Then they said, “What should the trespass offering be which we shall return to him?” They said, “Five golden tumors, and five golden mice, for the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.

5Therefore you shall make images of your tumors, and images of your mice that mar the land; and you shall give glory to the God of Israel. Perhaps he will release his hand from you, from your gods, and from your land.

6Why then do you harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When he had worked wonderfully among them, didn’t they let the people go, and they departed?

7“Now therefore take and prepare yourselves a new cart, and two milk cows, on which there has come no yoke; and tie the cows to the cart, and bring their calves home from them;

8and take Yahweh’s ark, and lay it on the cart. Put the jewels of gold, which you return him for a trespass offering, in a coffer by its side; and send it away, that it may go.

9Behold; if it goes up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has done us this great evil; but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that struck us. It was a chance that happened to us.”

10The men did so, and took two milk cows, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home.

11They put Yahweh’s ark on the cart, and the coffer with the golden mice and the images of their tumors.

12The cows took the straight way by the way to Beth Shemesh. They went along the highway, lowing as they went, and didn’t turn away to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them to the border of Beth Shemesh.

13The people of Beth Shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley; and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.

14The cart came into the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh, and stood there, where there was a great stone. Then they split the wood of the cart, and offered up the cows for a burnt offering to Yahweh.

15The Levites took down Yahweh’s ark, and the coffer that was with it, in which the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone; and the men of Beth Shemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day to Yahweh.

16When the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.

17These are the golden tumors which the Philistines returned for a trespass offering to Yahweh: for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Ashkelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one;

18and the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fortified cities and of country villages, even to the great stone, on which they set down Yahweh’s ark. That stone remains to this day in the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh.

19He struck of the men of Beth Shemesh, because they had looked into Yahweh’s ark, he struck fifty thousand seventy of the men. Then the people mourned, because Yahweh had struck the people with a great slaughter.

20The men of Beth Shemesh said, “Who is able to stand before Yahweh, this holy God? To whom shall he go up from us?”

21They sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kiriath Jearim, saying, “The Philistines have brought back Yahweh’s ark. Come down, and bring it up to yourselves.”

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

The Philistines return the Ark on a new cart pulled by cows, with gold offerings as a guilt offering. The Ark arrives at Beth-shemesh, but God strikes seventy men who look inside it, demonstrating His holiness.

Authorship & Background

Author: Unknown, traditionally attributed to Samuel (for the early chapters), Nathan, and Gad (1 Chronicles 29:29). Originally one book with 2 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. Written approximately 1050-950 BC. The book covers the transition from the judges to the monarchy — from the birth of Samuel through the death of Saul (approximately 1105-1010 BC). Key themes: God's sovereignty in raising and removing leaders, the danger of rejecting God's rule, the contrast between Saul (man's choice) and David (God's choice), and the principle that 'man looketh on the outward appearance, but the LORD looketh on the heart' (16:7).
Historical Context: Chapter 6 records the return of the ark from Philistia after seven months of plague and devastation. The Philistines, desperate to rid themselves of the ark's destructive presence, consult their priests and diviners for a solution. Their plan is ingenious: send the ark back on a new cart pulled by milk cows whose calves have been taken away. If the cows go against their natural instinct (toward their calves) and instead head toward Israelite territory (Beth-shemesh), it will confirm that Israel's God — not coincidence — caused the plagues. The test is designed to be as difficult as possible for a "natural" explanation: nursing cows that have never been yoked, separated from their calves, pulling an unfamiliar load in an unfamiliar direction. The cows go straight to Beth-shemesh without turning — God directs even animals to accomplish His purposes. The Philistines also send golden tumors and golden mice as guilt offerings — five of each, one for each Philistine city. Their priests even reference the Exodus (v.6), warning against hardening hearts as Pharaoh did. The chapter ends with a sobering reminder: when the men of Beth-shemesh look into the ark, God strikes them. The ark is holy — dangerous to enemies and irreverent Israelites alike. God's holiness does not discriminate between pagan and covenant people who treat Him with contempt.
The Philistines' Plan to Return the Ark (vv.1-9): After seven months of plague, the Philistines consult their religious experts. The advice is threefold: (1) Do not send the ark back empty — include a "trespass offering" (guilt offering) of golden tumors and golden mice (v.4). Five of each, representing the five Philistine cities. (2) "Give glory unto the God of Israel" (v.5) — even pagans recognize that God must be honored. (3) Do not harden your hearts like Pharaoh (v.6) — remarkably, the Philistine priests know the Exodus story and draw the correct lesson. The test they devise (vv.7-9) is brilliant: use milk cows that have never been yoked (untrained), separate them from their nursing calves (against every maternal instinct), and see if they go toward Beth-shemesh (Israelite territory). If they do, "he hath done us this great evil" (v.9). If not, "it was a chance that happened to us." The test is designed to eliminate natural explanations.
The Ark's Return to Beth-shemesh (vv.10-16): The cows go "straight" to Beth-shemesh — Hebrew "vayyisharnah" (they went straight, directly). They "lowed as they went" — crying for their calves but not turning back. They "turned not aside to the right hand or to the left" (v.12). Every natural instinct is overridden by divine direction. The Philistine lords follow to the border, watching — and the test is conclusive. The people of Beth-shemesh are harvesting wheat (late May/ June) when they see the ark approaching. They rejoice (v.13). The cart stops at a great stone in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite. They break up the cart for wood and sacrifice the cows as a burnt offering (v.14). The Levites properly handle the ark and the golden offerings (v.15). The five Philistine lords witness the arrival and return to Ekron — their test is answered.
The Guilt Offerings and the Judgment at Beth-shemesh (vv.17-21): The golden offerings are catalogued: five tumors (one per city) and golden mice "according to the number of all the cities" — suggesting the plague affected more than just the five capitals. The great stone becomes a memorial (v.18). But the chapter ends with judgment: God strikes the men of Beth-shemesh "because they had looked into the ark" (v.19). The KJV gives the number as "fifty thousand and threescore and ten" (50,070); the ESV gives "seventy men." The Hebrew text is difficult here — most scholars believe the number is 70, with "50,000" being a textual corruption (the number is grammatically unusual in Hebrew and the population of Beth-shemesh could not have been that large). Regardless of the number, the point is clear: God's holiness is not diminished by the ark's return. Looking into the ark violated the explicit command of Numbers 4:20. The people's response is the right one: "Who is able to stand before this holy LORD God?" (v.20). They send the ark to Kiriath-jearim, where it will remain for twenty years (7:2).

Map & Geography

  • The ark's return route: From Ekron (Philistine coast) eastward up the valley to Beth-shemesh (Israelite border town in Judah)
  • Beth-shemesh: A Levitical city in the Sorek Valley — the first Israelite town the ark reaches
  • Kiriath-jearim: Where the ark finally rests (for 20 years) — in the hill country on the border of Judah and Benjamin

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik notes that the Philistines' test was remarkably fair — they genuinely wanted to know if God or coincidence caused their plagues. God answered decisively. He also emphasizes that the judgment at Beth-shemesh shows God's holiness is consistent — He does not lower His standards for His own people.
  • Charles Spurgeon: "The cows went straight to Beth-shemesh, lowing as they went — crying for their calves yet obeying the invisible hand that guided them. Here is a picture of obedience in the midst of natural reluctance. The path of duty is not always the path of desire. We may low as we go — we may feel the pull of natural affection and earthly attachment — but if God's hand is upon us, we must go straight forward, turning neither to the right nor to the left."

Reflection

  • 1. Even pagans can recognize God's hand (vv.3-6). The Philistine priests acknowledged God's power, referenced the Exodus, and advised giving God glory. General revelation reaches even those outside the covenant. If pagans can recognize God's sovereignty, how much more should His people?
  • 2. God can direct anything to accomplish His purposes (v.12). Untrained cows, separated from their calves, walked straight to Beth-shemesh without turning. God's sovereignty extends over all creation — animals, weather, nations, hearts. Nothing is beyond His direction. If He can guide cows against instinct, He can guide our circumstances toward His purposes.
  • 3. God's holiness does not change based on who approaches (v.19). The ark was dangerous to Philistines and Israelites alike. God does not lower His standards for His own people. Familiarity with holy things does not grant permission to treat them casually. Reverence is required of all who approach God.
  • 4. The right question is "Who can stand before God?" (v.20). The men of Beth-shemesh asked the essential question. The answer: no one, apart from God's provision. This question drives us to the gospel — we cannot stand before God's holiness on our own merit. We need a mediator, a sacrifice, a covering.
  • 5. Obedience may require going against natural instinct (v.12). The cows "lowed as they went" — they felt the pull of their calves but obeyed God's direction. Following God sometimes means going against our natural desires, our comfort, our attachments. We may "low as we go" — but we must go where God directs.