1 Samuel — Chapter 6

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1When the ark of the LORD had been in the land of the Philistines seven months,

2the Philistines summoned the priests and diviners, saying, “What shall we do with the ark of the LORD? Tell us how to send it back to its place.”

3They replied, “If you return the ark of the God of Israel, do not send it away empty, but by all means return it to Him with a guilt offering. Then you will be healed, and you will understand why His hand has not been lifted from you.”

4“What guilt offering should we send back to Him?” asked the Philistines. “Five gold tumors and five gold rats,” they said, “according to the number of rulers of the Philistines, since the same plague has struck both you and your rulers.

5Make images of your tumors and of the rats that are ravaging the land. Give glory to the God of Israel, and perhaps He will lift His hand from you and your gods and your land.

6Why harden your hearts as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened theirs? When He afflicted them, did they not send the people out so they could go on their way?

7Now, therefore, prepare one new cart with two milk cows that have never been yoked. Hitch the cows to the cart, but take their calves away and pen them up.

8Take the ark of the LORD, set it on the cart, and in a chest beside it put the gold objects you are sending back to Him as a guilt offering. Then send the ark on its way,

9but keep watching it. If it goes up the road to its homeland, toward Beth-shemesh, it is the LORD who has brought on us this great disaster. But if it does not, then we will know that it was not His hand that punished us and that it happened by chance.”

10So the men did as instructed. They took two milk cows, hitched them to the cart, and penned up their calves.

11Then they put the ark of the LORD on the cart, along with the chest containing the gold rats and the images of the tumors.

12And the cows headed straight up the road toward Beth-shemesh, staying on that one highway and lowing as they went, never straying to the right or to the left. The rulers of the Philistines followed behind them to the border of Beth-shemesh.

13Now the people of Beth-shemesh were harvesting wheat in the valley, and when they looked up and saw the ark, they were overjoyed at the sight.

14The cart came to the field of Joshua of Beth-shemesh and stopped there near a large rock. The people chopped up the cart and offered the cows as a burnt offering to the LORD.

15And the Levites took down the ark of the LORD and the chest containing the gold objects, and they placed them on the large rock. That day the men of Beth-shemesh offered burnt offerings and made sacrifices to the LORD.

16And when the five rulers of the Philistines saw this, they returned to Ekron that same day.

17As a guilt offering to the LORD, the Philistines had sent back one gold tumor for each city: Ashdod, Gaza, Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron.

18The number of gold rats also corresponded to the number of Philistine cities belonging to the five rulers—the fortified cities and their outlying villages. And the large rock on which they placed the ark of the LORD stands to this day in the field of Joshua of Beth-shemesh.

19But God struck down some of the people of Beth-shemesh because they looked inside the ark of the LORD. He struck down seventy men, and the people mourned because the LORD had struck them with a great slaughter.

20The men of Beth-shemesh asked, “Who can stand in the presence of the LORD, this holy God? To whom should the ark go up from here?”

21So they sent messengers to the people of Kiriath-jearim, saying, “The Philistines have returned the ark of the LORD. Come down and take it up with you.”

1And the ark of the LORD was in the country of the Philistines seven months.

2And the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, What shall we do to the ark of the LORD? tell us wherewith we shall send it to his place.

3And they said, If ye send away the ark of the God of Israel, send it not empty; but in any wise return him a trespass offering: then ye shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.

4Then said they, What shall be the trespass offering which we shall return to him? They answered, Five golden emerods, and five golden mice, according to the number of the lords of the Philistines: for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.

5Wherefore ye shall make images of your emerods, and images of your mice that mar the land; and ye shall give glory unto the God of Israel: peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, and from off your land.

6Wherefore then do ye harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? when he had wrought wonderfully among them, did they not let the people go, and they departed?

7Now therefore make a new cart, and take two milch kine, on which there hath come no yoke, and tie the kine to the cart, and bring their calves home from them:

8And take the ark of the LORD, and lay it upon the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which ye return him for a trespass offering, in a coffer by the side thereof; and send it away, that it may go.

9And see, if it goeth up by the way of his own coast to Beth-shemesh, then he hath done us this great evil: but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that smote us; it was a chance that happened to us.

10And the men did so; and took two milch kine, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home:

11And they laid the ark of the LORD upon the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the images of their emerods.

12And the kine took the straight way to the way of Beth-shemesh, and went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them unto the border of Beth-shemesh.

13And they of Beth-shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley: and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.

14And the cart came into the field of Joshua, a Beth-shemite, and stood there, where there was a great stone: and they clave the wood of the cart, and offered the kine a burnt offering unto the LORD.

15And the Levites took down the ark of the LORD, and the coffer that was with it, wherein the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone: and the men of Beth-shemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day unto the LORD.

16And when the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.

17And these are the golden emerods which the Philistines returned for a trespass offering unto the LORD; for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Askelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one;

18And the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fenced cities, and of country villages, even unto the great stone of Abel, whereon they set down the ark of the LORD: which stone remaineth unto this day in the field of Joshua, the Beth-shemite.

19And he smote the men of Beth-shemesh, because they had looked into the ark of the LORD, even he smote of the people fifty thousand and threescore and ten men: and the people lamented, because the LORD had smitten many of the people with a great slaughter.

20And the men of Beth-shemesh said, Who is able to stand before this holy LORD God? and to whom shall he go up from us?

21And they sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kirjath-jearim, saying, The Philistines have brought again the ark of the LORD; come ye down, and fetch it up to you.

1And the ark of Jehovah was in the country of the Philistines seven months.

2And the Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, What shall we do with the ark of Jehovah? show us wherewith we shall sent it to its place.

3And they said, If ye send away the ark of the God of Israel, send it not empty; but by all means return him a trespass-offering: then ye shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.

4Then said they, What shall be the trespass-offering which we shall return to him? And they said, Five golden tumors, and five golden mice, [according to] the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.

5Wherefore ye shall make images of your tumors, and images of your mice that mar the land; and ye shall give glory unto the God of Israel: peradventure he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, and from off your land.

6Wherefore then do ye harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When he had wrought wonderfully among them, did they not let the people go, and they departed?

7Now therefore take and prepare you a new cart, and two milch kine, on which there hath come no yoke; and tie the kine to the cart, and bring their calves home from them;

8and take the ark of Jehovah, and lay it upon the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which ye return him for a trespass-offering, in a coffer by the side thereof; and send it away, that it may go.

9And see; if it goeth up by the way of its own border to Beth-shemesh, then he hath done us this great evil: but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that smote us; it was a chance that happened to us.

10And the men did so, and took two milch kine, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home;

11and they put the ark of Jehovah upon the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the images of their tumors.

12And the kine took the straight way by the way to Beth-shemesh; they went along the highway, lowing as they went, and turned not aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them unto the border of Beth-shemesh.

13And they of Beth-shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley; and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.

14And the cart came into the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite, and stood there, where there was a great stone: and they clave the wood of the cart, and offered up the kine for a burnt-offering unto Jehovah.

15And the Levites took down the ark of Jehovah, and the coffer that was with it, wherein the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone: and the men of Beth-shemesh offered burnt-offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day unto Jehovah.

16And when the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.

17And these are the golden tumors which the Philistines returned for a trespass-offering unto Jehovah: for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Ashkelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one;

18and the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fortified cities and of country villages, even unto the great stone, whereon they set down the ark of Jehovah, [which stone remaineth] unto this day in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite.

19And he smote of the men of Beth-shemesh, because they had looked into the ark of Jehovah, he smote of the people seventy men, [and] fifty thousand men; and the people mourned, because Jehovah had smitten the people with a great slaughter.

20And the men of Beth-shemesh said, Who is able to stand before Jehovah, this holy God? and to whom shall he go up from us?

21And they sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kiriath-jearim, saying, The Philistines have brought back the ark of Jehovah; come ye down, and fetch it up to you.

1When the ark of the Lord had been in the land of the Philistines for seven months,

2the Philistines called the priests and the omen readers, saying, “What should we do with the ark of the Lord? Advise us as to how we should send it back to its place.”

3They replied, “If you are going to send the ark of the God of Israel back, don’t send it away empty. Be sure to return it with a guilt offering. Then you will be healed, and you will understand why his hand has not been removed from you.”

4They inquired, “What is the guilt offering that we should send to him?” They replied, “The Philistine leaders number five. So send five gold sores and five gold mice, for it is the same plague that has afflicted both you and your leaders.

5You should make images of the sores and images of the mice that are destroying the land. You should honor the God of Israel. Perhaps he will release his grip on you, your gods, and your land.

6Why harden your hearts like the Egyptians and Pharaoh did? When God treated them harshly, didn’t the Egyptians send the Israelites on their way?

7So now go and make a new cart. Get two cows that have calves and that have never had a yoke placed on them. Harness the cows to the cart, and take their calves from them back to their stalls.

8Then take the ark of the Lord and place it on the cart, and put in a chest beside it the gold objects you are sending to him as a guilt offering. You should then send it on its way.

9But keep an eye on it. If it should go up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has brought this great calamity on us. But if that is not the case, then we will know that it was not his hand that struck us; rather, it just happened to us by accident.”

10So the men did as instructed. They took two cows that had calves and harnessed the cows to a cart; they also removed their calves to their stalls.

11They put the ark of the Lord on the cart, along with the chest, the gold mice, and the images of the sores.

12Then the cows went directly on the road to Beth Shemesh. They went along that route, bellowing more and more; they turned neither to the right nor to the left. The leaders of the Philistines were walking along behind them all the way to the border of Beth Shemesh.

13Now the residents of Beth Shemesh were harvesting wheat in the valley. When they looked up and saw the ark, they were pleased at the sight.

14The cart was coming to the field of Joshua, who was from Beth Shemesh. It paused there near a big stone. Then they cut up the wood of the cart and offered the cows as a burnt offering to the Lord.

15The Levites took down the ark of the Lord and the chest that was with it, which contained the gold objects. They placed them near the big stone. At that time the people of Beth Shemesh offered burnt offerings and made sacrifices to the Lord.

16The five leaders of the Philistines watched what was happening and then returned to Ekron on the same day.

17These are the gold sores that the Philistines brought as a guilt offering to the Lord—one for each of the following cities: Ashdod, Gaza, Ashkelon, Gath, and Ekron.

18The gold mice corresponded in number to all the Philistine cities of the five leaders, from the fortified cities to hamlet villages, to greater Abel. They positioned the ark of the Lord on a rock until this very day in the field of Joshua who was from Beth Shemesh.

19But the Lord struck down some of the people of Beth Shemesh because they had looked into the ark of the Lord; he struck down 50,070 of the men. The people grieved because the Lord had struck the people with a hard blow.

20The residents of Beth Shemesh asked, “Who is able to stand before the Lord, this holy God? To whom will the ark go up from here?”

21So they sent messengers to the residents of Kiriath Jearim, saying, “The Philistines have returned the ark of the Lord. Come down here and take it back home with you.”

1Yahweh’s ark was in the country of the Philistines seven months.

2The Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, “What shall we do with Yahweh’s ark? Show us how we should send it to its place.”

3They said, “If you send away the ark of the God of Israel, don’t send it empty; but by all means return a trespass offering to him. Then you will be healed, and it will be known to you why his hand is not removed from you.”

4Then they said, “What should the trespass offering be which we shall return to him?” They said, “Five golden tumors, and five golden mice, for the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.

5Therefore you shall make images of your tumors, and images of your mice that mar the land; and you shall give glory to the God of Israel. Perhaps he will release his hand from you, from your gods, and from your land.

6Why then do you harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When he had worked wonderfully among them, didn’t they let the people go, and they departed?

7“Now therefore take and prepare yourselves a new cart, and two milk cows, on which there has come no yoke; and tie the cows to the cart, and bring their calves home from them;

8and take Yahweh’s ark, and lay it on the cart. Put the jewels of gold, which you return him for a trespass offering, in a coffer by its side; and send it away, that it may go.

9Behold; if it goes up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has done us this great evil; but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that struck us. It was a chance that happened to us.”

10The men did so, and took two milk cows, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home.

11They put Yahweh’s ark on the cart, and the coffer with the golden mice and the images of their tumors.

12The cows took the straight way by the way to Beth Shemesh. They went along the highway, lowing as they went, and didn’t turn away to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them to the border of Beth Shemesh.

13The people of Beth Shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley; and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.

14The cart came into the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh, and stood there, where there was a great stone. Then they split the wood of the cart, and offered up the cows for a burnt offering to Yahweh.

15The Levites took down Yahweh’s ark, and the coffer that was with it, in which the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone; and the men of Beth Shemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day to Yahweh.

16When the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.

17These are the golden tumors which the Philistines returned for a trespass offering to Yahweh: for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Ashkelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one;

18and the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fortified cities and of country villages, even to the great stone, on which they set down Yahweh’s ark. That stone remains to this day in the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh.

19He struck of the men of Beth Shemesh, because they had looked into Yahweh’s ark, he struck fifty thousand seventy of the men. Then the people mourned, because Yahweh had struck the people with a great slaughter.

20The men of Beth Shemesh said, “Who is able to stand before Yahweh, this holy God? To whom shall he go up from us?”

21They sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kiriath Jearim, saying, “The Philistines have brought back Yahweh’s ark. Come down, and bring it up to yourselves.”

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

After seven months the Philistines consult their priests, who advise sending the ark back with a guilt offering of five golden tumors and five golden mice, and testing whether cows pulling the cart go straight to Israel without human guidance (vv. 1-9). The cows head directly to Beth-shemesh, lowing as they go, confirming that Israel's God, not chance, caused their affliction (vv. 10-12). The Israelites there rejoice, sacrifice the cows as a burnt offering, and set the ark on a great stone alongside the gold objects (vv. 13-15). But when some men of Beth-shemesh look inside the ark, the LORD strikes seventy of them dead, teaching the people to fear His holiness (v. 19). Shaken, they send word to Kiriath-jearim asking its residents to come take the ark away (vv. 20-21).

Authorship & Background

Author: Unknown, traditionally attributed to Samuel (for the early chapters), Nathan, and Gad (1 Chronicles 29:29). Originally one book with 2 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. Written approximately 1050-950 BC. The book covers the transition from the judges to the monarchy — from the birth of Samuel through the death of Saul (approximately 1105-1010 BC).
Historical Context: Chapter 6 records the return of the ark from Philistia after seven months of plague and devastation. The Philistines, desperate to rid themselves of the ark's destructive presence, consult their priests and diviners for a solution. Their plan is ingenious: send the ark back on a new cart pulled by milk cows whose calves have been taken away. If the cows go against their natural instinct (toward their calves) and instead head toward Israelite territory (Beth-shemesh), it will confirm that Israel's God — not coincidence — caused the plagues. The test is designed to be as difficult as possible for a "natural" explanation: nursing cows that have never been yoked, separated from their calves, pulling an unfamiliar load in an unfamiliar direction. The cows go straight to Beth-shemesh without turning — God directs even animals to accomplish His purposes. The Philistines also send golden tumors and golden mice as guilt offerings — five of each, one for each Philistine city. Their priests even reference the Exodus (v.6), warning against hardening hearts as Pharaoh did. The chapter ends with a sobering reminder: when the men of Beth-shemesh look into the ark, God strikes them. The ark is holy — dangerous to enemies and irreverent Israelites alike. God's holiness does not discriminate between pagan and covenant people who treat Him with contempt.
Classification: Historical Narrative
Key Themes: Philistine priests knowing the Exodus story well enough to warn their own people against hardening their hearts like Pharaoh, cows overriding every natural instinct toward their calves to walk straight toward Israel, a town that rejoices at the ark's arrival in one verse and asks to be rid of it eight verses later, five golden emerods and five golden mice itemized one for each Philistine city, and a question that closes the chapter, who is able to stand before this holy LORD God, answered by nobody
The Philistines' Plan to Return the Ark (vv.1-9): After seven months of plague, the Philistines consult their religious experts. The advice is threefold: (1) Do not send the ark back empty — include a "trespass offering" (guilt offering) of golden tumors and golden mice (v.4). Five of each, representing the five Philistine cities. (2) "Give glory unto the God of Israel" (v.5) — even pagans recognize that God must be honored. (3) Do not harden your hearts like Pharaoh (v.6) — remarkably, the Philistine priests know the Exodus story and draw the correct lesson. The test they devise (vv.7-9) is brilliant: use milk cows that have never been yoked (untrained), separate them from their nursing calves (against every maternal instinct), and see if they go toward Beth-shemesh (Israelite territory). If they do, "he hath done us this great evil" (v.9). If not, "it was a chance that happened to us." The test is designed to eliminate natural explanations.
The Ark's Return to Beth-shemesh (vv.10-16): The cows go "straight" to Beth-shemesh — Hebrew "vayyisharnah" (they went straight, directly). They "lowed as they went" — crying for their calves but not turning back. They "turned not aside to the right hand or to the left" (v.12). Every natural instinct is overridden by divine direction. The Philistine lords follow to the border, watching — and the test is conclusive. The people of Beth-shemesh are harvesting wheat (late May/ June) when they see the ark approaching. They rejoice (v.13). The cart stops at a great stone in the field of Joshua the Beth-shemite. They break up the cart for wood and sacrifice the cows as a burnt offering (v.14). The Levites properly handle the ark and the golden offerings (v.15). The five Philistine lords witness the arrival and return to Ekron — their test is answered.
Five Golden Emerods, and the Men Struck (vv.17-21): The guilt offering is itemised, five golden emerods and five golden mice, one for each Philistine city, and the cities are named: Ashdod, Gaza, Askelon, Gath, Ekron. Then the chapter turns on Israel rather than the Philistines. God smote the men of Beth-shemesh, because they had looked into the ark, and the response is not gratitude but dread: who is able to stand before this holy LORD God? and to whom shall he go up from us? A town that rejoiced at the ark's arrival in verse 13 sends messengers to get rid of it by verse 21. The narrative has just shown the ark to be no talisman in Philistine hands and no charm in Israelite ones.

Map & Geography

  • The ark's return route: From Ekron (Philistine coast) eastward up the valley to Beth-shemesh (Israelite border town in Judah)
  • Beth-shemesh: A Levitical city in the Sorek Valley — the first Israelite town the ark reaches
  • Kiriath-jearim: Where the ark finally rests (for 20 years) — in the hill country on the border of Judah and Benjamin

Places on this map

  • EkronTel Miqne, IsraelThe northernmost of the five Philistine cities, on the boundary with Judah, and the last place the ark was sent before being returned. Wikipedia
  • Philistiasouthern coastal Israel and GazaThe coastal plain south of Joppa, held by a league of five cities: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath and Ekron. Flat, fertile and on the trade road, it gave the Philistines chariots and iron while Israel held the hills above them. Wikipedia
  • Beth-shemeshTel Beth Shemesh, IsraelWhere the Elah valley opens onto the plain, on the Judah-Philistia border. The cart carrying the ark home came to a stop here. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik notes that the Philistines' test was remarkably fair — they genuinely wanted to know if God or coincidence caused their plagues. God answered decisively. He also emphasizes that the judgment at Beth-shemesh shows God's holiness is consistent — He does not lower His standards for His own people.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

1 Samuel 5-7 | Tumors, Rats, and God's Presence | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

1 Samuel 6:1-12 - What Happens by Chance
David Guzik

1 Samuel 6:13-21 - The Holiness of God
David Guzik

Articles

  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of 1 Samuel -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Even Outsiders Can Recognize God's Hand (vv.3-6) — The Philistine priests correctly identified the plagues as God's judgment and even referenced the Exodus, urging their people not to harden their hearts like Pharaoh. If pagans could read God's hand this clearly, what excuse do we have for missing it?
  • Obedience Sometimes Means Going Against Instinct (v.12) — The nursing cows pulling the ark went straight toward Beth-shemesh, lowing for their calves the whole way, without turning aside. Where is God asking you to move forward even while every natural feeling pulls you back?
  • God's Holiness Doesn't Bend for the Familiar (v.19) — Men of Beth-shemesh were struck down for looking into the ark despite being God's own covenant people, not pagan enemies. Has familiarity with sacred things made you casual about approaching God?
  • The Question That Drives Us to the Gospel (v.20) — Beth-shemesh's terrified response, asking who is able to stand before this holy LORD God, is the exact question every person must eventually face. Have you settled how you can stand before a holy God, or are you avoiding the question?