2 Samuel — Chapter 20

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1Now a worthless man named Sheba son of Bichri, a Benjamite, happened to be there, and he blew the ram’s horn and shouted: “We have no share in David, no inheritance in Jesse’s son. Every man to his tent, O Israel!”

2So all the men of Israel deserted David to follow Sheba son of Bichri. But the men of Judah stayed by their king all the way from the Jordan to Jerusalem.

3When David returned to his palace in Jerusalem, he took the ten concubines he had left to take care of the palace, and he placed them in a house under guard. He provided for them, but he no longer slept with them. They were confined until the day of their death, living as widows.

4Then the king said to Amasa, “Summon the men of Judah to come to me within three days, and be here yourself.”

5So Amasa went to summon Judah, but he took longer than the time allotted him.

6And David said to Abishai, “Now Sheba the son of Bichri will do us more harm than Absalom. Take your lord’s servants and pursue him, or he will find fortified cities and elude us.”

7So Joab’s men, along with the Cherethites, the Pelethites, and all the mighty men, marched out of Jerusalem in pursuit of Sheba son of Bichri.

8And while they were at the great stone in Gibeon, Amasa joined them. Now Joab was dressed in military attire, with a dagger strapped to his belt. And as he stepped forward, he slipped the dagger from its sheath.

9“Are you well, my brother?” Joab asked Amasa. And with his right hand Joab grabbed Amasa by the beard to kiss him.

10Amasa was not on guard against the dagger in Joab’s hand, and Joab stabbed him in the stomach and spilled out his intestines on the ground. And Joab did not need to strike him again, for Amasa was dead. Then Joab and his brother Abishai pursued Sheba son of Bichri.

11One of Joab’s young men stood near Amasa and said, “Whoever favors Joab, and whoever is for David, let him follow Joab!”

12But Amasa wallowed in his blood in the middle of the road, and when the man saw that all the troops were stopping there, he dragged the body off the road into a field and threw a garment over it.

13As soon as Amasa’s body was removed from the road, all the men went on with Joab to pursue Sheba son of Bichri.

14Sheba passed through all the tribes of Israel to Abel-beth-maacah and through the entire region of the Berites, who gathered together and followed him.

15And Joab’s troops came and besieged Sheba in Abel-beth-maacah and built a siege ramp against the outer rampart of the city. As all the troops with Joab were battering the wall to topple it,

16a wise woman called out from the city, “Listen! Listen! Please tell Joab to come here so that I may speak with him.”

17When he had come near to her, the woman asked, “Are you Joab?” “I am,” he replied. “Listen to the words of your servant,” she said. “I am listening,” he answered.

18Then the woman said, “Long ago they used to say, ‘Seek counsel at Abel,’ and that is how disputes were settled.

19I am among the peaceable and faithful in Israel, but you are trying to destroy a city that is a mother in Israel. Why would you swallow up the LORD’s inheritance?”

20“Far be it!” Joab declared. “Far be it from me to swallow up or destroy!

21That is not the case. But a man named Sheba son of Bichri, from the hill country of Ephraim, has lifted up his hand against the king, against David. Deliver him alone, and I will depart from the city.” “Look,” the woman replied, “his head will be thrown to you over the wall.”

22Then the woman went to all the people with her wise counsel, and they cut off the head of Sheba son of Bichri and threw it to Joab. So he blew the ram’s horn and his men dispersed from the city, each to his own home. And Joab returned to the king in Jerusalem.

23Now Joab was over the whole army of Israel; Benaiah son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and Pelethites;

24Adoram was in charge of the forced labor; Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud was the recorder;

25Sheva was the scribe; Zadok and Abiathar were priests;

26and Ira the Jairite was David’s priest.

1And there happened to be there a man of Belial, whose name was Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjamite: and he blew a trumpet, and said, We have no part in David, neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: every man to his tents, O Israel.

2So every man of Israel went up from after David, and followed Sheba the son of Bichri: but the men of Judah clave unto their king, from Jordan even to Jerusalem.

3And David came to his house at Jerusalem; and the king took the ten women his concubines, whom he had left to keep the house, and put them in ward, and fed them, but went not in unto them. So they were shut up unto the day of their death, living in widowhood.

4Then said the king to Amasa, Assemble me the men of Judah within three days, and be thou here present.

5So Amasa went to assemble the men of Judah: but he tarried longer than the set time which he had appointed him.

6And David said to Abishai, Now shall Sheba the son of Bichri do us more harm than did Absalom: take thou thy lord’s servants, and pursue after him, lest he get him fenced cities, and escape us.

7And there went out after him Joab’s men, and the Cherethites, and the Pelethites, and all the mighty men: and they went out of Jerusalem, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri.

8When they were at the great stone which is in Gibeon, Amasa went before them. And Joab’s garment that he had put on was girded unto him, and upon it a girdle with a sword fastened upon his loins in the sheath thereof; and as he went forth it fell out.

9And Joab said to Amasa, Art thou in health, my brother? And Joab took Amasa by the beard with the right hand to kiss him.

10But Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab’s hand: so he smote him therewith in the fifth rib, and shed out his bowels to the ground, and struck him not again; and he died. So Joab and Abishai his brother pursued after Sheba the son of Bichri.

11And one of Joab’s men stood by him, and said, He that favoureth Joab, and he that is for David, let him go after Joab.

12And Amasa wallowed in blood in the midst of the highway. And when the man saw that all the people stood still, he removed Amasa out of the highway into the field, and cast a cloth upon him, when he saw that every one that came by him stood still.

13When he was removed out of the highway, all the people went on after Joab, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri.

14And he went through all the tribes of Israel unto Abel, and to Beth-maachah, and all the Berites: and they were gathered together, and went also after him.

15And they came and besieged him in Abel of Beth-maachah, and they cast up a bank against the city, and it stood in the trench: and all the people that were with Joab battered the wall, to throw it down.

16Then cried a wise woman out of the city, Hear, hear; say, I pray you, unto Joab, Come near hither, that I may speak with thee.

17And when he was come near unto her, the woman said, Art thou Joab? And he answered, I am he. Then she said unto him, Hear the words of thine handmaid. And he answered, I do hear.

18Then she spake, saying, They were wont to speak in old time, saying, They shall surely ask counsel at Abel: and so they ended the matter.

19I am one of them that are peaceable and faithful in Israel: thou seekest to destroy a city and a mother in Israel: why wilt thou swallow up the inheritance of the LORD?

20And Joab answered and said, Far be it, far be it from me, that I should swallow up or destroy.

21The matter is not so: but a man of mount Ephraim, Sheba the son of Bichri by name, hath lifted up his hand against the king, even against David: deliver him only, and I will depart from the city. And the woman said unto Joab, Behold, his head shall be thrown to thee over the wall.

22Then the woman went unto all the people in her wisdom. And they cut off the head of Sheba the son of Bichri, and cast it out to Joab. And he blew a trumpet, and they retired from the city, every man to his tent. And Joab returned to Jerusalem unto the king.

23Now Joab was over all the host of Israel: and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and over the Pelethites:

24And Adoram was over the tribute: and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was recorder:

25And Sheva was scribe: and Zadok and Abiathar were the priests:

26And Ira also the Jairite was a chief ruler about David.

1And there happened to be there a base fellow, whose name was Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjamite: and he blew the trumpet, and said, We have no portion in David, neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse: every man to his tents, O Israel.

2So all the men of Israel went up from following David, and followed Sheba the son of Bichri; but the men of Judah clave unto their king, from the Jordan even to Jerusalem.

3And David came to his house at Jerusalem; and the king took the ten women his concubines, whom he had left to keep the house, and put them in ward, and provided them with sustenance, but went not in unto them. So they were shut up unto the day of their death, living in widowhood.

4Then said the king to Amasa, Call me the men of Judah together within three days, and be thou here present.

5So Amasa went to call [the men of] Judah together; but he tarried longer than the set time which he had appointed him.

6And David said to Abishai, Now will Sheba the son of Bichri do us more harm than did Absalom: take thou thy lord`s servants, and pursue after him, lest he get him fortified cities, and escape out of our sight.

7And there went out after him Joab`s men, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites, and all the mighty men; and they went out of Jerusalem, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri.

8When they were at the great stone which is in Gibeon, Amasa came to meet them. And Joab was girded with his apparel of war that he had put on, and thereon was a girdle with a sword fastened upon his loins in the sheath thereof; and as he went forth it fell out.

9And Joab said to Amasa, Is it well with thee, my brother? And Joab took Amasa by the beard with his right hand to kiss him.

10But Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab`s hand: so he smote him therewith in the body, and shed out his bowels to the ground, and struck him not again; and he died. And Joab and Abishai his brother pursued after Sheba the son of Bichri.

11And there stood by him one of Joab`s young men, and said, He that favoreth Joab, and he that is for David, let him follow Joab.

12And Amasa lay wallowing in his blood in the midst of the highway. And when the man saw that all the people stood still, he carried Amasa out of the highway into the field, and cast a garment over him, when he saw that every one that came by him stood still.

13When he was removed out of the highway, all the people went on after Joab, to pursue after Sheba the son of Bichri.

14And he went through all the tribes of Israel unto Abel, and to Beth-maacah, and all the Berites: and they were gathered together, and went also after him.

15And they came and besieged him in Abel of Beth-maacah, and they cast up a mound against the city, and it stood against the rampart; and all the people that were with Joab battered the wall, to throw it down.

16Then cried a wise woman out of the city, Hear, hear; say, I pray you, unto Joab, Come near hither, that I may speak with thee.

17And he came near unto her; and the woman said, Art thou Joab? And he answered, I am. Then she said unto him, Hear the words of thy handmaid. And he answered, I do hear.

18Then she spake, saying, They were wont to speak in old time, saying, They shall surely ask [counsel] at Abel: and so they ended [the matter].

19I am of them that are peaceable and faithful in Israel: thou seekest to destroy a city and a mother in Israel: why wilt thou swallow up the inheritance of Jehovah?

20And Joab answered and said, Far be it, far be it from me, that I should swallow up or destroy.

21The matter is not so: but a man of the hill-country of Ephraim, Sheba the son of Bichri by name, hath lifted up his hand against the king, even against David; deliver him only, and I will depart from the city. And the woman said unto Joab, Behold, his head shall be thrown to thee over the wall.

22Then the woman went unto all the people in her wisdom. And they cut off the head of Sheba the son of Bichri, and threw it out to Joab. And he blew the trumpet, and they were dispersed from the city, every man to his tent. And Joab returned to Jerusalem unto the king.

23Now Joab was over all the host of Israel; and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and over the Pelethites;

24and Adoram was over the men subject to taskwork; and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was the recorder;

25and Sheva was scribe; and Zadok and Abiathar were priests;

26and also Ira the Jairite was chief minister unto David.

1Now a wicked man named Sheba son of Bikri, a Benjaminite, happened to be there. He blew the trumpet and said, “We have no share in David; we have no inheritance in this son of Jesse! Every man go home, O Israel!”

2So all the men of Israel deserted David and followed Sheba son of Bikri. But the men of Judah stuck by their king all the way from the Jordan River to Jerusalem.

3Then David went to his palace in Jerusalem. The king took the 10 concubines he had left to care for the palace and placed them under confinement. Though he provided for their needs, he did not sleep with them. They remained under restriction until the day they died, living out the rest of their lives as widows.

4Then the king said to Amasa, “Call the men of Judah together for me in three days, and you be present here with them too.”

5So Amasa went out to call Judah together. But in doing so he took longer than the time that the king had allotted him.

6Then David said to Abishai, “Now Sheba son of Bikri will cause greater disaster for us than Absalom did! Take your lord’s servants and pursue him. Otherwise he will secure fortified cities for himself and get away from us.”

7So Joab’s men, accompanied by the Kerethites, the Pelethites, and all the warriors, left Jerusalem to pursue Sheba son of Bikri.

8When they were near the big rock that is in Gibeon, Amasa came to them. Now Joab was dressed in military attire and had a dagger in its sheath belted to his waist. When he advanced, it fell out.

9Joab said to Amasa, “How are you, my brother?” With his right hand Joab took hold of Amasa’s beard as if to greet him with a kiss.

10Amasa did not protect himself from the knife in Joab’s other hand, and Joab stabbed him in the abdomen, causing Amasa’s intestines to spill out on the ground. There was no need to stab him again; the first blow was fatal. Then Joab and his brother Abishai pursued Sheba son of Bikri.

11One of Joab’s soldiers who stood over Amasa said, “Whoever is for Joab and whoever is for David, follow Joab!”

12Amasa was squirming in his own blood in the middle of the path, and this man had noticed that all the soldiers stopped. Having noticed that everyone who came across Amasa stopped, the man pulled him away from the path and into the field and threw a garment over him.

13Once he had removed Amasa from the path, everyone followed Joab to pursue Sheba son of Bikri.

14Sheba traveled through all the tribes of Israel to Abel of Beth Maacah and all the Berite region. When they had assembled, they too joined him.

15So Joab’s men came and laid siege against him in Abel of Beth Maacah. They prepared a siege ramp outside the city that stood against its outer rampart. As all of Joab’s soldiers were trying to break through the wall so that it would collapse,

16a wise woman called out from the city, “Listen up! Listen up! Tell Joab, ‘Come near so that I may speak to you.’”

17When he approached her, the woman asked, “Are you Joab?” He replied, “I am.” She said to him, “Listen to the words of your servant.” He said, “Go ahead. I’m listening.”

18She said, “In the past they would always say, ‘Let them inquire in Abel,’ and that is how they settled things.

19I represent the peaceful and the faithful in Israel. You are attempting to destroy an important city in Israel. Why should you swallow up the Lord’s inheritance?”

20Joab answered, “Not at all! I don’t intend to swallow up or destroy anything!

21That’s not the way things are. There is a man from the hill country of Ephraim named Sheba son of Bikri. He has rebelled against King David. Give me just this one man, and I will leave the city.” The woman said to Joab, “This very minute his head will be thrown over the wall to you!”

22Then the woman went to all the people with her wise advice and they cut off Sheba’s head and threw it out to Joab. Joab blew the trumpet, and his men dispersed from the city, each going to his own home. Joab returned to the king in Jerusalem.

23Now Joab was the general in command of all the army of Israel. Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Kerethites and the Perethites.

24Adoniram was supervisor of the work crews. Jehoshaphat son of Ahilud was the secretary.

25Sheva was the scribe, and Zadok and Abiathar were the priests.

26Ira the Jairite was David’s personal priest.

1There happened to be there a wicked fellow, whose name was Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjamite; and he blew the trumpet, and said, “We have no portion in David, neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse. Every man to his tents, Israel!”

2So all the men of Israel went up from following David, and followed Sheba the son of Bichri; but the men of Judah joined with their king, from the Jordan even to Jerusalem.

3David came to his house at Jerusalem; and the king took the ten women his concubines, whom he had left to keep the house, and put them in custody, and provided them with sustenance, but didn’t go in to them. So they were shut up to the day of their death, living in widowhood.

4Then the king said to Amasa, “Call me the men of Judah together within three days, and be here present.”

5So Amasa went to call the men of Judah together; but he stayed longer than the set time which he had appointed him.

6David said to Abishai, “Now Sheba the son of Bichri will do us more harm than Absalom did. Take your lord’s servants, and pursue after him, lest he get himself fortified cities, and escape out of our sight.”

7Joab’s men went out after him, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites, and all the mighty men; and they went out of Jerusalem, to pursue Sheba the son of Bichri.

8When they were at the great stone which is in Gibeon, Amasa came to meet them. Joab was clothed in his apparel of war that he had put on, and on it was a sash with a sword fastened on his waist in its sheath; and as he went along it fell out.

9Joab said to Amasa, “Is it well with you, my brother?” Joab took Amasa by the beard with his right hand to kiss him.

10But Amasa took no heed to the sword that was in Joab’s hand. So he struck him with it in the body, and shed out his bowels to the ground, and didn’t strike him again; and he died. Joab and Abishai his brother pursued Sheba the son of Bichri.

11One of Joab’s young men stood by him, and said, “He who favors Joab, and he who is for David, let him follow Joab!”

12Amasa lay wallowing in his blood in the middle of the highway. When the man saw that all the people stood still, he carried Amasa out of the highway into the field, and cast a garment over him, when he saw that everyone who came by him stood still.

13When he was removed out of the highway, all the people went on after Joab, to pursue Sheba the son of Bichri.

14He went through all the tribes of Israel to Abel, and to Beth Maacah, and all the Berites. They were gathered together, and went also after him.

15They came and besieged him in Abel of Beth Maacah, and they cast up a mound against the city, and it stood against the rampart; and all the people who were with Joab battered the wall, to throw it down.

16Then a wise woman cried out of the city, “Hear, hear! Please say to Joab, ‘Come near here, that I may speak with you.’”

17He came near to her; and the woman said, “Are you Joab?” He answered, “I am.” Then she said to him, “Hear the words of your servant.” He answered, “I’m listening.”

18Then she spoke, saying, “They used to say in old times, ‘They shall surely ask counsel at Abel;’ and so they settled a matter.

19I am among those who are peaceable and faithful in Israel. You seek to destroy a city and a mother in Israel. Why will you swallow up Yahweh’s inheritance?”

20Joab answered, “Far be it, far be it from me, that I should swallow up or destroy.

21The matter is not so. But a man of the hill country of Ephraim, Sheba the son of Bichri by name, has lifted up his hand against the king, even against David. Just deliver him, and I will depart from the city.” The woman said to Joab, “Behold, his head will be thrown to you over the wall.”

22Then the woman went to all the people in her wisdom. They cut off the head of Sheba the son of Bichri, and threw it out to Joab. He blew the trumpet, and they were dispersed from the city, every man to his tent. Then Joab returned to Jerusalem to the king.

23Now Joab was over all the army of Israel, Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the Cherethites and over the Pelethites,

24Adoram was over the men subject to forced labor, Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was the recorder,

25Sheva was scribe, and Zadok and Abiathar were priests,

26and Ira the Jairite was chief minister to David.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

Sheba, a troublemaker from the tribe of Benjamin, blows a trumpet and calls Israel to abandon David, while Judah alone stays loyal to the king (vv. 1-2). David orders Amasa to muster Judah, but when he delays, Joab takes charge of the pursuit and treacherously kills Amasa, his rival for command, then continues after Sheba (vv. 4-13). Joab besieges Sheba in the city of Abel, and a wise woman from the city negotiates with him, then has the townspeople throw Sheba's head over the wall to end the siege (vv. 14-22). The chapter closes with a list of David's chief officials, showing the kingdom's administration restored to order (vv. 23-26).

Authorship & Background

Author: Unknown, traditionally attributed to Nathan and Gad (1 Chronicles 29:29). Originally one book with 1 Samuel in the Hebrew Bible. The book covers David's entire reign — from his lament over Saul's death to the purchase of the threshing floor for the future Temple (approximately 1010-970 BC).
Historical Context: Chapter 20 is the final chapter in the long narrative of consequences flowing from David's sin with Bathsheba (chapters 11-20). Nathan prophesied that "the sword shall never depart from thine house" (12:10), and this chapter demonstrates that the rebellion's aftershocks continue even after Absalom's death. Sheba's revolt is the direct fruit of the tribal jealousy that closed chapter 19 — the men of Israel, feeling slighted by Judah's monopoly on the king's return, find a rallying cry in Sheba's declaration: "We have no part in David, neither have we inheritance in the son of Jesse" (v.1). This same language will reappear verbatim at the permanent division of the kingdom under Rehoboam (1 Kings 12:16). The chapter also reveals Joab at his most ruthless: having been replaced by Amasa (19:13), he murders his rival with the same treacherous greeting he used on Abner (3:27) — a kiss and a sword thrust to the belly. Joab then reassumes command as if nothing happened, pursues Sheba to Abel of Beth-maacah, and is stopped only by the wisdom of an unnamed woman who negotiates Sheba's execution to save her city. The chapter ends with a list of David's officials — a signal that order is restored, the kingdom is functioning, and the long crisis that began in chapter 11 has finally reached its resolution. David is back on his throne, but the scars remain: ten concubines live in permanent widowhood (v.3), Amasa lies dead by treachery, and the tribal fault lines that will eventually destroy the united kingdom have been exposed for all to see.
Classification: Historical Narrative
Key Themes: A cry of secession, we have no part in David, growing directly out of the tribal jealousy the previous chapter never resolved, ten concubines left in a widowhood that is neither marriage nor freedom because of what was done to them in public, a greeting and a beard grasped as if for a kiss disguising the sword that kills a newly appointed commander, a wise woman negotiating a siege by asking why the inheritance of the LORD should be swallowed up, and an administrative list closing the chapter as a sign of stability finally restored
Sheba's Rebellion (vv.1-2): Sheba, a Benjamite (from Saul's tribe), exploits the tribal anger of chapter 19:43. His cry — "We have no part in David" — is a declaration of secession. "Every man to his tents" means "go home; we owe this king nothing." All Israel follows Sheba; only Judah remains loyal ("clave unto their king," v.2 KJV). The rebellion is immediate and nearly total — more dangerous than Absalom's because it threatens permanent tribal division rather than mere dynastic replacement.
The Concubines (v.3): David returns to Jerusalem and deals with the ten concubines Absalom violated publicly (16:22). He provides for them but never again has relations with them. They live "in widowhood" — neither wives nor free women. They are victims of both Absalom's cruelty and the political reality: intimacy with them would now carry the taint of Absalom's usurpation. Their fate is tragic and undeserved.
Amasa's Failure and Murder (vv.4-13): David orders Amasa (his new commander, replacing Joab per 19:13) to muster Judah within three days. Amasa "tarried longer than the set time" (v.5) — whether from incompetence, disloyalty, or difficulty rallying troops who recently fought against David. David sends Abishai (not Joab) to pursue Sheba. But Joab accompanies the force. At Gibeon, Joab meets Amasa with a greeting — "Art thou in health, my brother?" (v.9 KJV) — grasps his beard as if to kiss him, and drives a sword into his belly. The murder is premeditated: Joab arranged his sword to "fall out" of its sheath (v.8), giving him a weapon in hand without appearing armed. Amasa's body blocks the highway until a soldier drags it aside and covers it. The army then follows Joab — who has seized command by assassination for the second time (compare 3:27, Abner's murder).
The Wise Woman of Abel (vv.14-22): Sheba flees to Abel of Beth-maacah in the far north. Joab besieges the city, battering its walls. A "wise woman" calls out and negotiates: Abel is known for wisdom ("They were wont to speak in old time, saying, They shall surely ask counsel at Abel," v.18 KJV). She identifies herself as "peaceable and faithful in Israel" and challenges Joab: "Why wilt thou swallow up the inheritance of the LORD?" (v.19). Joab agrees to withdraw if Sheba is surrendered. The woman persuades the city; Sheba is beheaded and his head thrown over the wall. Joab blows the trumpet — the rebellion is over. This unnamed woman saves an entire city through wisdom and courage — a remarkable portrait of female leadership in a patriarchal narrative.
David's Officials (vv.23-26): The chapter closes with an administrative list: Joab over the army, Benaiah over the royal guard, Adoram over forced labor, Jehoshaphat as recorder, Sheva as scribe, Zadok and Abiathar as priests, and Ira the Jairite as David's priest (or "chief ruler," KJV). This list signals stability restored — the kingdom is functioning again after the long crisis.

Map & Geography

  • Abel Beth-maachah: A city in the far north (near Dan) where Sheba takes refuge — Joab besieges it
  • Sheba's route: From Gilgal northward through all the tribes of Israel — rallying support against David
  • Jerusalem: Where David returns and re-establishes his government after the rebellion is crushed

Places on this map

  • JerusalemJerusalemA hill town about 2,500 feet up in the central spine of Judah, roughly 35 miles inland from the Mediterranean and 15 miles west of the Jordan. It sits on no trade route and has no river, which is why it mattered as a fortress and a sanctuary rather than as a market. Wikipedia
  • DanTel Dan, IsraelAt the largest of the Jordan's headwater springs under Mount Hermon, the northern limit of Israel. Jeroboam set his second golden calf here, as far from Jerusalem as he could get. Wikipedia
  • ShebaYemenSouth-west Arabia, roughly modern Yemen, controlling the incense trade. Its queen's visit to Solomon meant a caravan journey of some 1,400 miles each way, which is the point of the gifts she brought. Wikipedia
  • GilgalJordan valley, West BankIsrael's first camp west of the Jordan, between the river and Jericho, where the twelve stones were set up. The exact site has never been fixed. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik observes that Joab's murder of Amasa was motivated by both personal ambition and genuine concern for the kingdom — Amasa had failed to muster troops on time, and delay meant Sheba could fortify his position. However, Guzik notes that Joab's methods are consistently wicked regardless of his pragmatic justifications. Guzik also highlights the wise woman of Abel as one of Scripture's great examples of wisdom saving lives — she accomplished through negotiation what Joab could only achieve through destruction.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

2 Samuel 20 Explained: 5 Minute Bible Study
2BeLikeChrist

2 Samuel 15-20 | Absalom's Rebellion | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

2 Samuel 20 - Fighting to Keep Unity
David Guzik

Articles

  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of 2 Samuel -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Unaddressed Conflict Explodes (vv.1-2) — Sheba's rebellion erupts directly out of the tribal jealousy left to fester at the end of chapter 19. What unresolved tension in your own relationships could still turn into a much bigger rupture if you let it sit?
  • Consequences That Outlast the Crisis (v.3) — The ten concubines Absalom had publicly violated were shut away by David for the rest of their lives, innocent people bearing the long shadow of others' sin. Have you seen how sin's fallout can keep touching people long after the sin itself is forgiven?
  • Efficiency Bought With Treachery (v.10) — Joab murdered Amasa under the guise of a friendly greeting because Amasa was slow and inconvenient, not because it was right. Have you ever justified a shortcut or a betrayal because the result seemed to serve a good enough purpose?
  • One Voice of Wisdom Can Save a City (vv.19-22) — An unnamed woman talked Joab out of destroying an entire town, accomplishing with words what his army could only have done with force. Do you reach for wisdom and conversation before you reach for confrontation or force?