Judges — Chapter 21
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1Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpeh, saying, There shall not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife.
2And the people came to the house of God, and abode there till even before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept sore;
3And said, O LORD God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to day one tribe lacking in Israel?
4And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people rose early, and built there an altar, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.
5And the children of Israel said, Who is there among all the tribes of Israel that came not up with the congregation unto the LORD? For they had made a great oath concerning him that came not up to the LORD to Mizpeh, saying, He shall surely be put to death.
6And the children of Israel repented them for Benjamin their brother, and said, There is one tribe cut off from Israel this day.
7How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing we have sworn by the LORD that we will not give them of our daughters to wives?
8And they said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel that came not up to Mizpeh to the LORD? And, behold, there came none to the camp from Jabesh-gilead to the assembly.
9For the people were numbered, and, behold, there were none of the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead there.
10And the congregation sent thither twelve thousand men of the valiantest, and commanded them, saying, Go and smite the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the children.
11And this is the thing that ye shall do, Ye shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman that hath lain by man.
12And they found among the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead four hundred young virgins, that had known no man by lying with any male: and they brought them unto the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan.
13And the whole congregation sent some to speak to the children of Benjamin that were in the rock Rimmon, and to call peaceably unto them.
14And Benjamin came again at that time; and they gave them wives which they had saved alive of the women of Jabesh-gilead: and yet so they sufficed them not.
15And the people repented them for Benjamin, because that the LORD had made a breach in the tribes of Israel.
16Then the elders of the congregation said, How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing the women are destroyed out of Benjamin?
17And they said, There must be an inheritance for them that be escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe be not destroyed out of Israel.
18Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters: for the children of Israel have sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin.
19Then they said, Behold, there is a feast of the LORD in Shiloh yearly in a place which is on the north side of Bethel, on the east side of the highway that goeth up from Bethel to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah.
20Therefore they commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, Go and lie in wait in the vineyards;
21And see, and, behold, if the daughters of Shiloh come out to dance in dances, then come ye out of the vineyards, and catch you every man his wife of the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin.
22And it shall be, when their fathers or their brethren come unto us to complain, that we will say unto them, Be favourable unto them for our sakes: because we reserved not to each man his wife in the war: for ye did not give unto them at this time, that ye should be guilty.
23And the children of Benjamin did so, and took them wives, according to their number, of them that danced, whom they caught: and they went and returned unto their inheritance, and repaired the cities, and dwelt in them.
24And the children of Israel departed thence at that time, every man to his tribe and to his family, and they went out from thence every man to his inheritance.
25In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes.
1Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpah, saying, There shall not any of us give his daughter unto Benjamin to wife.
2And the people came to Beth-el, and sat there till even before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept sore.
3And they said, O Jehovah, the God of Israel, why is this come to pass in Israel, that there should be to-day one tribe lacking in Israel?
4And it came to pass on the morrow, that the people rose early, and built there an altar, and offered burnt-offerings and peace-offerings.
5And the children of Israel said, Who is there among all the tribes of Israel that came not up in the assembly unto Jehovah? For they had made a great oath concerning him that came not up unto Jehovah to Mizpah, saying, He shall surely be put to death.
6And the children of Israel repented them for Benjamin their brother, and said, There is one tribe cut off from Israel this day.
7How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing we have sworn by Jehovah that we will not give them of our daughters to wives?
8And they said, What one is there of the tribes of Israel that came not up unto Jehovah to Mizpah? And, behold, there came none to the camp from Jabesh-gilead to the assembly.
9For when the people were numbered, behold, there were none of the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead there.
10And the congregation sent thither twelve thousand men of the valiantest, and commanded them, saying, Go and smite the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the little ones.
11And this is the thing that ye shall do: ye shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman that hath lain by man.
12And they found among the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead four hundred young virgins, that had not known man by lying with him; and they brought them unto the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan.
13And the whole congregation sent and spake to the children of Benjamin that were in the rock of Rimmon, and proclaimed peace unto them.
14And Benjamin returned at that time; and they gave them the women whom they had saved alive of the women of Jabesh-gilead: and yet so they sufficed them not.
15And the people repented them for Benjamin, because that Jehovah had made a breach in the tribes of Israel.
16Then the elders of the congregation said, How shall we do for wives for them that remain, seeing the women are destroyed out of Benjamin?
17And they said, There must be an inheritance for them that are escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe be not blotted out from Israel.
18Howbeit we may not give them wives of our daughters, for the children of Israel had sworn, saying, Cursed be he that giveth a wife to Benjamin.
19And they said, Behold, there is a feast of Jehovah from year to year in Shiloh, which is on the north of Beth-el, on the east side of the highway that goeth up from Beth-el to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah.
20And they commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, Go and lie in wait in the vineyards,
21and see, and, behold, if the daughters of Shiloh come out to dance in the dances, then come ye out of the vineyards, and catch you every man his wife of the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin.
22And it shall be, when their fathers or their brethren come to complain unto us, that we will say unto them, Grant them graciously unto us, because we took not for each man [of them] his wife in battle, neither did ye give them unto them, else would ye now be guilty.
23And the children of Benjamin did so, and took them wives, according to their number, of them that danced, whom they carried off: and they went and returned unto their inheritance, and built the cities, and dwelt in them.
24And the children of Israel departed thence at that time, every man to his tribe and to his family, and they went out from thence every man to his inheritance.
25In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes.
1The Israelites had taken an oath in Mizpah, saying, “Not one of us will allow his daughter to marry a Benjaminite.”
2So the people came to Bethel and sat there before God until evening, weeping loudly and uncontrollably.
3They said, “Why, O Lord God of Israel, has this happened in Israel? An entire tribe has disappeared from Israel today!”
4The next morning the people got up early and built an altar there. They offered up burnt sacrifices and tokens of peace.
5The Israelites asked, “Who from all the Israelite tribes has not assembled before the Lord?” They had made a solemn oath that whoever did not assemble before the Lord at Mizpah must certainly be executed.
6The Israelites regretted what had happened to their brother Benjamin. They said, “Today we cut off an entire tribe from Israel!
7How can we find wives for those who are left? After all, we took an oath in the Lord’s name not to give them our daughters as wives.”
8So they asked, “Who from all the Israelite tribes did not assemble before the Lord at Mizpah?” Now it just so happened no one from Jabesh Gilead had come to the gathering.
9When they took roll call, they noticed none of the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead were there.
10So the assembly sent 12,000 capable warriors against Jabesh Gilead. They commanded them, “Go and kill with your swords the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead, including the women and little children.
11Do this: Exterminate every male, as well as every woman who has experienced a man’s bed. But spare the lives of any virgins.” So they did as instructed.
12They found among the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead 400 young girls who were virgins who had never been intimate with a man in bed. They brought them back to the camp at Shiloh in the land of Canaan.
13The entire assembly sent messengers to the Benjaminites at the cliff of Rimmon and assured them they would not be harmed.
14The Benjaminites returned at that time, and the Israelites gave to them the women they had spared from Jabesh Gilead. But there were not enough to go around.
15The people regretted what had happened to Benjamin because the Lord had weakened the Israelite tribes.
16The leaders of the assembly said, “How can we find wives for those who are left? After all, the Benjaminite women have been wiped out.
17The remnant of Benjamin must be preserved. An entire Israelite tribe should not be wiped out.
18But we can’t allow our daughters to marry them, for the Israelites took an oath, saying, ‘Whoever gives a woman to a Benjaminite will be destroyed.’
19However, there is an annual festival to the Lord in Shiloh, which is north of Bethel (east of the main road that goes up from Bethel to Shechem) and south of Lebonah.”
20So they commanded the Benjaminites, “Go hide in the vineyards,
21and keep your eyes open. When you see the daughters of Shiloh coming out to dance in the celebration, jump out from the vineyards. Each one of you, catch yourself a wife from among the daughters of Shiloh and then go home to the land of Benjamin.
22When their fathers or brothers come and protest to us, we’ll say to them, ‘Do us a favor and let them be, for we could not get each one a wife through battle. Don’t worry about breaking your oath! You would only be guilty if you had voluntarily given them wives.’”
23The Benjaminites did as instructed. They abducted 200 of the dancing girls to be their wives. They went home to their own territory, rebuilt their cities, and settled down.
24Then the Israelites dispersed from there to their respective tribal and clan territories. Each went from there to his own property.
25In those days Israel had no king. Each man did what he considered to be right.
1Now the men of Israel had sworn in Mizpah, saying, “None of us will give his daughter to Benjamin as a wife.”
2The people came to Bethel, and sat there until evening before God, and lifted up their voices, and wept severely.
3They said, “Yahweh, the God of Israel, why has this happened in Israel, that there should be one tribe lacking in Israel today?”
4On the next day, the people rose early, and built an altar there, and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.
5The children of Israel said, “Who is there among all the tribes of Israel who didn’t come up in the assembly to Yahweh?” For they had made a great oath concerning him who didn’t come up to Yahweh to Mizpah, saying, “He shall surely be put to death.”
6The children of Israel grieved for Benjamin their brother, and said, “There is one tribe cut off from Israel today.
7How shall we provide wives for those who remain, since we have sworn by Yahweh that we will not give them of our daughters to wives?”
8They said, “What one is there of the tribes of Israel who didn’t come up to Yahweh to Mizpah?” Behold, no one came from Jabesh Gilead to the camp to the assembly.
9For when the people were counted, behold, there were none of the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead there.
10The congregation sent twelve thousand of the most valiant men there, and commanded them, saying, “Go and strike the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead with the edge of the sword, with the women and the little ones.
11This is the thing that you shall do: you shall utterly destroy every male, and every woman who has lain with a man.”
12They found among the inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead four hundred young virgins, who had not known man by lying with him; and they brought them to the camp to Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan.
13The whole congregation sent and spoke to the children of Benjamin who were in the rock of Rimmon, and proclaimed peace to them.
14Benjamin returned at that time; and they gave them the women whom they had saved alive of the women of Jabesh Gilead. There still weren’t enough for them.
15The people grieved for Benjamin, because Yahweh had made a breach in the tribes of Israel.
16Then the elders of the congregation said, “How shall we provide wives for those who remain, since the women are destroyed out of Benjamin?”
17They said, “There must be an inheritance for those who are escaped of Benjamin, that a tribe not be blotted out from Israel.
18However we may not give them wives of our daughters, for the children of Israel had sworn, saying, ‘Cursed is he who gives a wife to Benjamin.’”
19They said, “Behold, there is a feast of Yahweh from year to year in Shiloh, which is on the north of Bethel, on the east side of the highway that goes up from Bethel to Shechem, and on the south of Lebonah.”
20They commanded the children of Benjamin, saying, “Go and lie in wait in the vineyards,
21and see, and behold, if the daughters of Shiloh come out to dance in the dances, then come out of the vineyards, and each man catch his wife of the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the land of Benjamin.
22It shall be, when their fathers or their brothers come to complain to us, that we will say to them, ‘Grant them graciously to us, because we didn’t take for each man his wife in battle, neither did you give them to them, otherwise you would now be guilty.’”
23The children of Benjamin did so, and took wives for themselves, according to their number, of those who danced, whom they carried off. They went and returned to their inheritance, built the cities, and lived in them.
24The children of Israel departed from there at that time, every man to his tribe and to his family, and they each went out from there to his own inheritance.
25In those days there was no king in Israel. Everyone did that which was right in his own eyes.
Summary
Israel grieves over the near-extinction of Benjamin and devises ways to provide wives for the 600 survivors without breaking their oath. The book ends: "In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes."
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
- Jabesh-gilead: A city in Transjordan (Gilead) that did not join the assembly — its unmarried women are taken for Benjamin
- Shiloh: Where the remaining Benjamite men seize wives during the annual feast/dance in the vineyards
- The remnant of Benjamin: 600 survivors hiding at the rock of Rimmon in the wilderness east of Bethel
Commentary
- Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes the tragic irony: Israel's "solution" to the crisis they created involves more violence and the very abuse of women that triggered the war. He notes that the book ends without resolution — deliberately pointing forward to the need for a righteous king.
- Charles Spurgeon: "Every man did that which was right in his own eyes.' Here is the epitaph of a nation in ruins. When every man becomes his own god, his own lawgiver, his own standard of right and wrong — then there is no right at all, only competing selfishnesses tearing the fabric of society to pieces. The book of Judges does not end with a period but with a question mark: Where is the King? And the answer echoes down the centuries until a child is born in Bethlehem of whom it is said, 'He shall reign over the house of Jacob for ever.'"
Reflection
- 1. Rash oaths create impossible situations (vv.1,7). Israel swore in anger what they could not sustain in wisdom. Vows made in the heat of emotion — whether in war, conflict, or religious fervor — often produce consequences worse than the problem they addressed. Jesus taught: "Let your yes be yes and your no be no" (Matthew 5:37). Better to speak carefully than to bind yourself rashly before God.
- 2. Human "solutions" without God's wisdom multiply evil (vv.10-11,20-21). Israel's two schemes — destroying Jabesh-gilead and abducting women at Shiloh — solve one problem by creating others. When we act from human cleverness rather than divine wisdom, our solutions often generate new sins. The pattern: sin → consequence → human scheme → more sin. Only God's wisdom breaks the cycle.
- 3. Legal technicalities cannot mask moral failure (v.22). The elders' argument — "you didn't give them, so you're not guilty" — is transparent manipulation. God is not fooled by loopholes. He looks at the heart, not the technicality. Those who use clever reasoning to justify what they know is wrong deceive only themselves.
- 4. The absence of righteous authority produces chaos, not freedom (v.25). "Every man did that which was right in his own eyes" sounds like liberty but produces atrocity. True freedom requires a framework of righteousness. Without God as King — without submission to His authority — human autonomy degenerates into competing selfishnesses that destroy community. The book of Judges is the Bible's strongest argument against moral relativism.
- 5. The book ends crying out for a King (v.25). Judges does not resolve — it aches. It presents the problem without providing the solution. The solution comes in stages: Samuel, then David, then ultimately Christ — the righteous King under whose rule "every man doing right in his own eyes" is replaced by every knee bowing and every tongue confessing that Jesus Christ is Lord (Philippians 2:10-11).