1 Chronicles — Chapter 23
Loading ESV text...
1When David was old and full of years, he installed his son Solomon as king over Israel.
2Then he gathered all the leaders of Israel, as well as the priests and Levites.
3The Levites thirty years of age or older were counted, and the total number of men was 38,000.
4“Of these,” said David, “24,000 are to oversee the work of the house of the LORD, 6,000 are to be officers and judges,
54,000 are to be gatekeepers, and 4,000 are to praise the LORD with the instruments I have made for giving praise.”
6Then David divided the Levites into divisions according to the sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
7The Gershonites: Ladan and Shimei.
8The sons of Ladan: Jehiel the first, Zetham, and Joel—three in all.
9The sons of Shimei: Shelomoth, Haziel, and Haran—three in all. These were the heads of the families of Ladan.
10And the sons of Shimei: Jahath, Zina, Jeush, and Beriah. These were the sons of Shimei—four in all.
11Jahath was the first and Zizah was the second; but Jeush and Beriah did not have many sons, so they were counted as one family and received a single assignment.
12The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel—four in all.
13The sons of Amram: Aaron and Moses. Aaron and his descendants were set apart forever to consecrate the most holy things, to burn incense before the LORD, to minister before Him, and to pronounce blessings in His name forever.
14As for Moses the man of God, his sons were named among the tribe of Levi.
15The sons of Moses: Gershom and Eliezer.
16The descendants of Gershom: Shebuel was the first.
17The descendants of Eliezer: Rehabiah was the first. Eliezer did not have any other sons, but the sons of Rehabiah were very numerous.
18The sons of Izhar: Shelomith was the first.
19The sons of Hebron: Jeriah was the first, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth.
20The sons of Uzziel: Micah was the first and Isshiah the second.
21The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. The sons of Mahli: Eleazar and Kish.
22Eleazar died without having any sons; he had only daughters. Their cousins, the sons of Kish, married them.
23The sons of Mushi: Mahli, Eder, and Jeremoth—three in all.
24These were the descendants of Levi by their families—the heads of families, registered individually by name—those twenty years of age or older who worked in the service of the house of the LORD.
25For David had said, “The LORD, the God of Israel, has given rest to His people and has come to dwell in Jerusalem forever.
26So now the Levites no longer need to carry the tabernacle or any of the articles for its service.”
27For according to the final instructions of David, the Levites twenty years of age or older were counted,
28but their duty was to assist the descendants of Aaron with the service of the house of the LORD, being responsible for the courts and chambers, the purification of all the holy things, and the work of the service of the house of God,
29as well as for the rows of the showbread, the fine flour for the grain offering, the wafers of unleavened bread, the baking, the mixing, and all measurements of quantity and size.
30They were also to stand every morning to give thanks and praise to the LORD, and likewise in the evening.
31Whenever burnt offerings were presented to the LORD on the Sabbaths, New Moons, and appointed feasts, they were to serve regularly before the LORD in the numbers prescribed for them.
32So the Levites were to carry out the responsibilities for the Tent of Meeting and the Holy Place, and, under their brothers the descendants of Aaron, the service of the house of the LORD.
1So when David was old and full of days, he made Solomon his son king over Israel.
2And he gathered together all the princes of Israel, with the priests and the Levites.
3Now the Levites were numbered from the age of thirty years and upward: and their number by their polls, man by man, was thirty and eight thousand.
4Of which, twenty and four thousand were to set forward the work of the house of the LORD; and six thousand were officers and judges:
5Moreover four thousand were porters; and four thousand praised the LORD with the instruments which I made, said David, to praise therewith.
6And David divided them into courses among the sons of Levi, namely, Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
7Of the Gershonites were, Laadan, and Shimei.
8The sons of Laadan; the chief was Jehiel, and Zetham, and Joel, three.
9The sons of Shimei; Shelomith, and Haziel, and Haran, three. These were the chief of the fathers of Laadan.
10And the sons of Shimei were, Jahath, Zina, and Jeush, and Beriah. These four were the sons of Shimei.
11And Jahath was the chief, and Zizah the second: but Jeush and Beriah had not many sons; therefore they were in one reckoning, according to their father’s house.
12The sons of Kohath; Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, four.
13The sons of Amram; Aaron and Moses: and Aaron was separated, that he should sanctify the most holy things, he and his sons for ever, to burn incense before the LORD, to minister unto him, and to bless in his name for ever.
14Now concerning Moses the man of God, his sons were named of the tribe of Levi.
15The sons of Moses were, Gershom, and Eliezer.
16Of the sons of Gershom, Shebuel was the chief.
17And the sons of Eliezer were, Rehabiah the chief. And Eliezer had none other sons; but the sons of Rehabiah were very many.
18Of the sons of Izhar; Shelomith the chief.
19Of the sons of Hebron; Jeriah the first, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth.
20Of the sons of Uzziel; Micah the first, and Jesiah the second.
21The sons of Merari; Mahli, and Mushi. The sons of Mahli; Eleazar, and Kish.
22And Eleazar died, and had no sons, but daughters: and their brethren the sons of Kish took them.
23The sons of Mushi; Mahli, and Eder, and Jeremoth, three.
24These were the sons of Levi after the house of their fathers; even the chief of the fathers, as they were counted by number of names by their polls, that did the work for the service of the house of the LORD, from the age of twenty years and upward.
25For David said, The LORD God of Israel hath given rest unto his people, that they may dwell in Jerusalem for ever:
26And also unto the Levites; they shall no more carry the tabernacle, nor any vessels of it for the service thereof.
27For by the last words of David the Levites were numbered from twenty years old and above:
28Because their office was to wait on the sons of Aaron for the service of the house of the LORD, in the courts, and in the chambers, and in the purifying of all holy things, and the work of the service of the house of God;
29Both for the shewbread, and for the fine flour for meat offering, and for the unleavened cakes, and for that which is baked in the pan, and for that which is fried, and for all manner of measure and size;
30And to stand every morning to thank and praise the LORD, and likewise at even;
31And to offer all burnt sacrifices unto the LORD in the sabbaths, in the new moons, and on the set feasts, by number, according to the order commanded unto them, continually before the LORD:
32And that they should keep the charge of the tabernacle of the congregation, and the charge of the holy place, and the charge of the sons of Aaron their brethren, in the service of the house of the LORD.
1Now David was old and full of days; and he made Solomon his son king over Israel.
2And he gathered together all the princes of Israel, with the priests and the Levites.
3And the Levites were numbered from thirty years old and upward: and their number by their polls, man by man, was thirty and eight thousand.
4Of these, twenty and four thousand were to oversee the work of the house of Jehovah; and six thousand were officers and judges;
5and four thousand were doorkeepers; and four thousand praised Jehovah with the instruments which I made, [said David], to praise therewith.
6And David divided them into courses according to the sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
7Of the Gershonites: Ladan and Shimei.
8The sons of Ladan: Jehiel the chief, and Zetham, and Joel, three.
9The sons of Shimei: Shelomoth, and Haziel, and Haran, three. These were the heads of the fathers` [houses] of Ladan.
10And the sons of Shimei: Jahath, Zina, and Jeush, and Beriah. These four were the sons of Shimei.
11And Jahath was the chief, and Zizah the second: but Jeush and Beriah had not many sons; therefore they became a fathers` house in one reckoning.
12The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, four.
13The sons of Amram: Aaron and Moses; and Aaron was separated, that he should sanctify the most holy things, he and his sons, for ever, to burn incense before Jehovah, to minister unto him, and to bless in his name, for ever.
14But as for Moses the man of God, his sons were named among the tribe of Levi.
15The sons of Moses: Gershom and Eliezer.
16The sons of Gershom: Shebuel the chief.
17And the sons of Eliezer were: Rehabiah the chief; and Eliezer had no other sons; but the sons of Rehabiah were very many.
18The sons of Izhar: Shelomith the chief.
19The sons of Hebron: Jeriah the chief, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth.
20The sons of Uzziel: Micah the chief, and Isshiah the second.
21The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. The sons of Mahli: Eleazar and Kish.
22And Eleazar died, and had no sons, but daughters only: and their brethren the sons of Kish took them [to wife].
23The sons of Mushi: Mahli, and Eder, and Jeremoth, three.
24These were the sons of Levi after their fathers` houses, even the heads of the fathers` [houses] of those of them that were counted, in the number of names by their polls, who did the work for the service of the house of Jehovah, from twenty years old and upward.
25For David said, Jehovah, the God of Israel, hath given rest unto his people; and he dwelleth in Jerusalem for ever:
26and also the Levites shall no more have need to carry the tabernacle and all the vessels of it for the service thereof.
27For by the last words of David the sons of Levi were numbered, from twenty years old and upward.
28For their office was to wait on the sons of Aaron for the service of the house of Jehovah, in the courts, and in the chambers, and in the purifying of all holy things, even the work of the service of the house of God;
29for the showbread also, and for the fine flour for a meal-offering, whether of unleavened wafers, or of that which is baked in the pan, or of that which is soaked, and for all manner of measure and size;
30and to stand every morning to thank and praise Jehovah, and likewise at even;
31and to offer all burnt-offerings unto Jehovah, on the sabbaths, on the new moons, and on the set feasts, in number according to the ordinance concerning them, continually before Jehovah;
32and that they should keep the charge of the tent of meeting, and the charge of the holy place, and the charge of the sons of Aaron their brethren, for the service of the house of Jehovah.
1When David was old and approaching the end of his life, he made his son Solomon king over Israel.
2David assembled all the leaders of Israel, along with the priests and the Levites.
3The Levites who were thirty years old and up were counted; there were 38,000 men.
4David said, “Of these, 24,000 are to direct the work of the Lord’s temple; 6,000 are to be officials and judges;
54,000 are to be gatekeepers; and 4,000 are to praise the Lord with the instruments I supplied for worship.”
6David divided them into groups corresponding to the sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
7The Gershonites included Ladan and Shimei.
8The sons of Ladan: Jehiel the oldest, Zetham, and Joel—three in all.
9The sons of Shimei: Shelomoth, Haziel, and Haran—three in all.These were the leaders of the family of Ladan.
10The sons of Shimei: Jahath, Zina, Jeush, and Beriah. These were Shimei’s sons—four in all.
11Jahath was the oldest and Zizah the second oldest. Jeush and Beriah did not have many sons, so they were considered one family with one responsibility.
12The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel—four in all.
13The sons of Amram: Aaron and Moses.Aaron and his descendants were chosen on a permanent basis to consecrate the most holy items, to offer sacrifices before the Lord, to serve him, and to praise his name.
14The descendants of Moses the man of God were considered Levites.
15The sons of Moses: Gershom and Eliezer.
16The son of Gershom: Shebuel the oldest.
17The son of Eliezer was Rehabiah, the oldest. Eliezer had no other sons, but Rehabiah had many descendants.
18The son of Izhar: Shelomith the oldest.
19The sons of Hebron: Jeriah the oldest, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth.
20The sons of Uzziel: Micah the oldest, and Isshiah the second.
21The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi.The sons of Mahli: Eleazar and Kish.
22Eleazar died without having sons; he had only daughters. The sons of Kish, their cousins, married them.
23The sons of Mushi: Mahli, Eder, and Jeremoth—three in all.
24These were the descendants of Levi according to their families, that is, the leaders of families as counted and individually listed who carried out assigned tasks in the Lord’s temple and were twenty years old and up.
25For David said, “The Lord God of Israel has given his people rest and has permanently settled in Jerusalem.
26So the Levites no longer need to carry the tabernacle or any of the items used in its service.”
27According to David’s final instructions, the Levites twenty years old or older were counted.
28Their job was to help Aaron’s descendants in the service of the Lord’s temple. They were to take care of the courtyards, the rooms, ceremonial purification of all holy items, and other jobs related to the service of God’s temple.
29They also took care of the bread that is displayed, the flour for offerings, the unleavened wafers, the round cakes, the mixing, and all the measuring.
30They also stood in a designated place every morning and offered thanks and praise to the Lord. They also did this in the evening
31and whenever burnt sacrifices were offered to the Lord on the Sabbath and at new moon festivals and assemblies. A designated number were to serve before the Lord regularly in accordance with regulations.
32They were in charge of the meeting tent and the Holy Place, and helped their relatives, the descendants of Aaron, in the service of the Lord’s temple.
1Now David was old and full of days; and he made Solomon his son king over Israel.
2He gathered together all the princes of Israel, with the priests and the Levites.
3The Levites were counted from thirty years old and upward; and their number by their polls, man by man, was thirty-eight thousand.
4David said, “Of these, twenty-four thousand were to oversee the work of Yahweh’s house, six thousand were officers and judges,
5four thousand were doorkeepers, and four thousand praised Yahweh with the instruments which I made for giving praise.”
6David divided them into divisions according to the sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari.
7Of the Gershonites: Ladan and Shimei.
8The sons of Ladan: Jehiel the chief, Zetham, and Joel, three.
9The sons of Shimei: Shelomoth, Haziel, and Haran, three. These were the heads of the fathers’ households of Ladan.
10The sons of Shimei: Jahath, Zina, Jeush, and Beriah. These four were the sons of Shimei.
11Jahath was the chief, and Zizah the second; but Jeush and Beriah didn’t have many sons; therefore they became a fathers’ house in one reckoning.
12The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel, four.
13The sons of Amram: Aaron and Moses; and Aaron was separated, that he should sanctify the most holy things, he and his sons, forever, to burn incense before Yahweh, to minister to him, and to bless in his name, forever.
14But as for Moses the man of God, his sons were named among the tribe of Levi.
15The sons of Moses: Gershom and Eliezer.
16The sons of Gershom: Shebuel the chief.
17The sons of Eliezer were: Rehabiah the chief; and Eliezer had no other sons; but the sons of Rehabiah were very many.
18The sons of Izhar: Shelomith the chief.
19The sons of Hebron: Jeriah the chief, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth.
20The sons of Uzziel: Micah the chief, and Isshiah the second.
21The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. The sons of Mahli: Eleazar and Kish.
22Eleazar died, and had no sons, but daughters only: and their brothers the sons of Kish took them as wives.
23The sons of Mushi: Mahli, Eder, and Jeremoth, three.
24These were the sons of Levi after their fathers’ houses, even the heads of the fathers’ houses of those who were counted individually, in the number of names by their polls, who did the work for the service of Yahweh’s house, from twenty years old and upward.
25For David said, “Yahweh, the God of Israel, has given rest to his people; and he dwells in Jerusalem forever.
26Also the Levites will no longer need to carry the tabernacle and all its vessels for its service.”
27For by the last words of David the sons of Levi were counted, from twenty years old and upward.
28For their office was to wait on the sons of Aaron for the service of Yahweh’s house, in the courts, and in the rooms, and in the purifying of all holy things, even the work of the service of God’s house;
29for the show bread also, and for the fine flour for a meal offering, whether of unleavened wafers, or of that which is baked in the pan, or of that which is soaked, and for all measurements of quantity and size;
30and to stand every morning to thank and praise Yahweh, and likewise in the evening;
31and to offer all burnt offerings to Yahweh, on the Sabbaths, on the new moons, and on the set feasts, in number according to the ordinance concerning them, continually before Yahweh;
32and that they should keep the duty of the Tent of Meeting, the duty of the holy place, and the duty of the sons of Aaron their brothers, for the service of Yahweh’s house.
Summary
Now old and full of years, David makes his son Solomon king over Israel (v. 1). He gathers the leaders of Israel, the priests, and the Levites, and numbers the Levites thirty years old and up at thirty-eight thousand, assigning twenty-four thousand to oversee the work of the house of the LORD, six thousand as officers and judges, four thousand as gatekeepers, and four thousand to praise the LORD with the instruments David has made (vv. 2-5). David then organizes the Levites into divisions according to the three sons of Levi - Gershon, Kohath, and Merari - listing the heads of their families (vv. 6-23). Because the ark now has a permanent resting place and the Levites no longer need to carry the tabernacle and its furnishings, the age for service is lowered from thirty to twenty (vv. 24-27). Their new duties are defined as assisting the sons of Aaron in the service of the temple courts and chambers, preparing the bread of the Presence and offerings, giving thanks and praise every morning and evening, and attending all burnt offerings on Sabbaths, New Moons, and appointed feasts (vv. 28-32).
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
- Largely parallels 1-2 Samuel geographically. Jerusalem (Zion/City of David) is the theological and political center.
- Key sites: Hebron (David's first capital, 7 years), the threshing floor of Ornan/Araunah (future Temple site, ch.21).
- Chapters 1-9 (genealogies) contain tribal allotments but minimal narrative geography.
Places on this map
- JerusalemJerusalemA hill town about 2,500 feet up in the central spine of Judah, roughly 35 miles inland from the Mediterranean and 15 miles west of the Jordan. It sits on no trade route and has no river, which is why it mattered as a fortress and a sanctuary rather than as a market. Wikipedia
- HebronHebron, West BankThe highest town in the Judean hills at about 3,000 feet, 19 miles south of Jerusalem. Abraham bought a burial cave here, and David reigned from it for seven years before moving north, so it carries both the patriarchal and the royal claim to the land. Wikipedia
Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.
Commentary
- Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik notes that David's detailed organization of the Levites demonstrates that worship is not spontaneous chaos but ordered beauty. He emphasizes that the 4,000 musicians show how central music was to Israelite worship — not an afterthought but a dedicated ministry requiring thousands of trained personnel. Guzik also highlights the shift from age thirty to age twenty as David's practical wisdom in adapting institutions to new realities.
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
- Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.
Videos
Articles
- GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of 1 Chronicles -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.
Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.
Reflection
- A Legacy of Order (vv.1-2) — In his old age David turns his energy not to rest but to organizing the Levites so thoroughly that the structure served Israel for centuries. What are you building or organizing now that will still serve others well after you are gone?
- Every Role Has Dignity (vv.4-5) — David assigns thousands to general Temple work, administration, gatekeeping, and music, treating none as inferior to the others. Do you view your own place of service, however hidden or unglamorous, as genuinely valuable to God?
- Worship Needs Structure, Not Just Feeling (vv.6-11) — Rather than leaving thousands of Levites to serve however they saw fit, David divides them into specific courses with clear assignments. Does your own worship and service reflect real preparation, or does it depend on enthusiasm alone?
- Adapting Without Losing Devotion (vv.25-27) — Once Israel is settled and at rest, the Levites' old task of carrying the tabernacle becomes obsolete, so David reassigns rather than discards them. When your circumstances change, are you willing to let old forms of service give way to new ones while keeping the same heart?
- A Rhythm of Daily Praise (v.30) — The Levites are appointed to give thanks and praise every single morning and evening without fail. Does gratitude shape the rhythm of your ordinary days, or only your best moments?