Joshua — Chapter 5

Loading ESV text...

1Now when all the Amorite kings west of the Jordan and all the Canaanite kings along the coast heard how the LORD had dried up the waters of the Jordan before the Israelites until they had crossed over, their hearts melted and their spirits failed for fear of the Israelites.

2At that time the LORD said to Joshua, “Make flint knives and circumcise the sons of Israel once again.”

3So Joshua made flint knives and circumcised the sons of Israel at Gibeath-haaraloth.

4Now this is why Joshua circumcised them: All those who came out of Egypt—all the men of war—had died on the journey in the wilderness after they had left Egypt.

5Though all who had come out were circumcised, none of those born in the wilderness on the journey from Egypt had been circumcised.

6For the Israelites had wandered in the wilderness forty years, until all the nation’s men of war who had come out of Egypt had died, since they did not obey the LORD. So the LORD vowed never to let them see the land He had sworn to their fathers to give us, a land flowing with milk and honey.

7And He raised up their sons in their place, and these were the ones Joshua circumcised. Until this time they were still uncircumcised, since they had not been circumcised along the way.

8And after all the nation had been circumcised, they stayed there in the camp until they were healed.

9Then the LORD said to Joshua, “Today I have rolled away the reproach of Egypt from you.” So that place has been called Gilgal to this day.

10On the evening of the fourteenth day of the month, while the Israelites were camped at Gilgal on the plains of Jericho, they kept the Passover.

11The day after the Passover, on that very day, they ate unleavened bread and roasted grain from the produce of the land.

12And the day after they had eaten from the produce of the land, the manna ceased. There was no more manna for the Israelites, so that year they began to eat the crops of the land of Canaan.

13Now when Joshua was near Jericho, he looked up and saw a man standing in front of him with a drawn sword in His hand. Joshua approached Him and asked, “Are You for us or for our enemies?”

14“Neither,” He replied. “I have now come as Commander of the LORD’s army.” Then Joshua fell facedown in reverence and asked Him, “What does my Lord have to say to His servant?”

15The Commander of the LORD’s army replied, “Take off your sandals, for the place where you are standing is holy.” And Joshua did so.

1And it came to pass, when all the kings of the Amorites, which were on the side of Jordan westward, and all the kings of the Canaanites, which were by the sea, heard that the LORD had dried up the waters of Jordan from before the children of Israel, until we were passed over, that their heart melted, neither was there spirit in them any more, because of the children of Israel.

2At that time the LORD said unto Joshua, Make thee sharp knives, and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time.

3And Joshua made him sharp knives, and circumcised the children of Israel at the hill of the foreskins.

4And this is the cause why Joshua did circumcise: All the people that came out of Egypt, that were males, even all the men of war, died in the wilderness by the way, after they came out of Egypt.

5Now all the people that came out were circumcised: but all the people that were born in the wilderness by the way as they came forth out of Egypt, them they had not circumcised.

6For the children of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness, till all the people that were men of war, which came out of Egypt, were consumed, because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD: unto whom the LORD sware that he would not shew them the land, which the LORD sware unto their fathers that he would give us, a land that floweth with milk and honey.

7And their children, whom he raised up in their stead, them Joshua circumcised: for they were uncircumcised, because they had not circumcised them by the way.

8And it came to pass, when they had done circumcising all the people, that they abode in their places in the camp, till they were whole.

9And the LORD said unto Joshua, This day have I rolled away the reproach of Egypt from off you. Wherefore the name of the place is called Gilgal unto this day.

10And the children of Israel encamped in Gilgal, and kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even in the plains of Jericho.

11And they did eat of the old corn of the land on the morrow after the passover, unleavened cakes, and parched corn in the selfsame day.

12And the manna ceased on the morrow after they had eaten of the old corn of the land; neither had the children of Israel manna any more; but they did eat of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year.

13And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand: and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him, Art thou for us, or for our adversaries?

14And he said, Nay; but as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto him, What saith my lord unto his servant?

15And the captain of the LORD’S host said unto Joshua, Loose thy shoe from off thy foot; for the place whereon thou standest is holy. And Joshua did so.

1And it came to pass, when all the kings of the Amorites, that were beyond the Jordan westward, and all the kings of the Canaanites, that were by the sea, heard how that Jehovah had dried up the waters of the Jordan from before the children of Israel, until we were passed over, that their heart melted, neither was there spirit in them any more, because of the children of Israel.

2At that time Jehovah said unto Joshua, Make thee knives of flint, and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time.

3And Joshua made him knives of lint, and circumcised the children of Israel at the hill of the foreskins.

4And this is the cause why Joshua did circumcise: all the people that came forth out of Egypt, that were males, even all the men of war, died in the wilderness by the way, after they came forth out of Egypt.

5For all the people that came out were circumcised; but all the people that were born in the wilderness by the way as they came forth out of Egypt, they had not circumcised.

6For the children of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness, till all the nation, even the men of war that came forth out of Egypt, were consumed, because they hearkened not unto the voice of Jehovah: unto whom Jehovah sware that he would not let them see the land which Jehovah sware unto their fathers that he would give us, a land flowing with milk and honey.

7And their children, whom he raised up in their stead, them did Joshua circumcise: for they were uncircumcised, because they had not circumcised them by the way.

8And it came to pass, when they had done circumcising all the nation, that they abode in their places in the camp, till they were whole.

9And Jehovah said unto Joshua, This day have I rolled away the reproach of Egypt from off you. Wherefore the name of that place was called Gilgal, unto this day.

10And the children of Israel encamped in Gilgal; and they kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the month at even in the plains of Jericho.

11And they did eat of the produce of the land on the morrow after the passover, unleavened cakes and parched grain, in the selfsame day.

12And the manna ceased on the morrow, after they had eaten of the produce of the land; neither had the children of Israel manna any more; but they did eat of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year.

13And it came to pass, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and, behold, there stood a man over against him with his sword drawn in his hand: and Joshua went unto him, and said unto him, Art thou for us, or for our adversaries?

14And he said, Nay; but [as] prince of the host of Jehovah am I now come. And Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and did worship, and said unto him, What saith my lord unto his servant?

15And the prince of Jehovah`s host said unto Joshua, Put off thy shoe from off thy foot; for the place whereon thou standest is holy. And Joshua did so.

1When all the Amorite kings on the west side of the Jordan and all the Canaanite kings along the seacoast heard how the Lord had dried up the water of the Jordan before the Israelites while they crossed, they lost their courage and could not even breathe for fear of the Israelites.

2At that time the Lord told Joshua, “Make flint knives and circumcise the Israelites once again.”

3So Joshua made flint knives and circumcised the Israelites at the Hill of the Foreskins.

4This is why Joshua had to circumcise them: All the men old enough to fight when they left Egypt died on the journey through the wilderness after they left Egypt.

5Now all the men who left were circumcised, but all the sons born on the journey through the wilderness after they left Egypt were uncircumcised.

6Indeed, for 40 years the Israelites traveled through the wilderness until all the men old enough to fight when they left Egypt, the ones who had disobeyed the Lord, died off. For the Lord had sworn a solemn oath to them that he would not let them see the land he had sworn by oath to their ancestors to give them, a land rich in milk and honey.

7He replaced them with their sons, whom Joshua circumcised. They were uncircumcised; their fathers had not circumcised them along the way.

8When all the men had been circumcised, they stayed there in the camp until they had healed.

9The Lord said to Joshua, “Today I have taken away the disgrace of Egypt from you.” So that place is called Gilgal even to this day.

10So the Israelites camped in Gilgal and celebrated the Passover in the evening of the fourteenth day of the month in the rift valley plains of Jericho.

11They ate some of the produce of the land the day after the Passover, including unleavened bread and roasted grain.

12The manna stopped appearing the day they ate some of the produce of the land; the Israelites never ate manna again. They ate from the produce of the land of Canaan that year.

13When Joshua was near Jericho, he looked up and saw a man standing in front of him holding a drawn sword. Joshua approached him and asked him, “Are you on our side or allied with our enemies?”

14He answered, “Truly I am the commander of the Lord’s army. Now I have arrived!” Joshua bowed down with his face to the ground and asked, “What does my master want to say to his servant?”

15The commander of the Lord’s army answered Joshua, “Remove your sandals from your feet because the place where you stand is holy.” Joshua did so.

1When all the kings of the Amorites, who were beyond the Jordan westward, and all the kings of the Canaanites, who were by the sea, heard how Yahweh had dried up the waters of the Jordan from before the children of Israel, until we had crossed over, their heart melted, and there was no more spirit in them, because of the children of Israel.

2At that time, Yahweh said to Joshua, “Make flint knives, and circumcise again the sons of Israel the second time.”

3Joshua made himself flint knives, and circumcised the sons of Israel at the hill of the foreskins.

4This is the reason Joshua circumcised them: all the people who came out of Egypt, who were males, even all the men of war, died in the wilderness along the way, after they came out of Egypt.

5For all the people who came out were circumcised; but all the people who were born in the wilderness along the way as they came out of Egypt had not been circumcised.

6For the children of Israel walked forty years in the wilderness, until all the nation, even the men of war who came out of Egypt, were consumed, because they didn’t listen to Yahweh’s voice. Yahweh swore to them that he wouldn’t let them see the land which Yahweh swore to their fathers that he would give us, a land flowing with milk and honey.

7Their children, whom he raised up in their place, were circumcised by Joshua; for they were uncircumcised, because they had not circumcised them on the way.

8When they were done circumcising the whole nation, they stayed in their places in the camp until they were healed.

9Yahweh said to Joshua, “Today I have rolled away the reproach of Egypt from you.” Therefore the name of that place was called Gilgal, to this day.

10The children of Israel encamped in Gilgal. They kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of the month at evening in the plains of Jericho.

11They ate unleavened cakes and parched grain of the produce of the land on the next day after the Passover, in the same day.

12The manna ceased on the next day, after they had eaten of the produce of the land. The children of Israel didn’t have manna any more; but they ate of the fruit of the land of Canaan that year.

13When Joshua was by Jericho, he lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, a man stood in front of him with his sword drawn in his hand. Joshua went to him and said to him, “Are you for us, or for our enemies?”

14He said, “No; but I have come now as commander of Yahweh’s army.” Joshua fell on his face to the earth, and worshiped, and asked him, “What does my lord say to his servant?”

15The prince of Yahweh’s army said to Joshua, “Take off your shoes; for the place on which you stand is holy.” Joshua did so.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

When the kings of the Amorites and Canaanites hear that the LORD dried up the Jordan for Israel, their courage fails them (v. 1). At Gilgal, the LORD instructs Joshua to circumcise the new generation, since the men born during the wilderness years had never been circumcised, removing what God calls the reproach of Egypt (vv. 2-9). Israel then keeps the Passover, and the day after eating the produce of the land, the manna stops falling, since the people now have food from Canaan itself (vv. 10-12). Near Jericho, Joshua encounters a man with a drawn sword who identifies himself as commander of the LORD's army; Joshua falls facedown in worship and is told to remove his sandals because he is standing on holy ground (vv. 13-15).

Authorship & Background

Author: Joshua, with possible later editorial additions. Joshua was Moses' assistant and successor, who led Israel into the Promised Land. The book covers approximately 25 years (1406-1381 BC) — from the crossing of the Jordan to Joshua's death. Hebrew title: 'Yehoshua' — 'YHWH saves' (the same name as Jesus in Greek). The book demonstrates God's faithfulness to His land promise to Abraham (Genesis 15:18-21) and shows that victory comes through faith and obedience, not human strength.
Historical Context: Chapter 5 records four significant events between the Jordan crossing and the conquest of Jericho: (1) circumcision at Gilgal, (2) the Passover celebration, (3) the cessation of manna, and (4) the appearance of the Commander of the LORD's army. Each event marks a transition. Circumcision restores the covenant sign neglected for 40 years and "rolls away the reproach of Egypt." Passover connects this new generation to the original redemption from Egypt. The manna ceasing marks the end of wilderness provision — they now eat the fruit of the land. The Commander's appearance reveals that the coming conquest is not Israel's war but God's war, led by His heavenly army. Remarkably, before the first battle, God commands Israel to make themselves militarily vulnerable (circumcision renders the men unable to fight for days) — demonstrating that victory depends on covenant faithfulness, not military readiness.
Classification: Historical Narrative
Key Themes: Canaanite kings' hearts melting before a single battle is fought, circumcision restoring a covenant sign an entire generation had gone without, a name, Gilgal, explained as the rolling away of Egypt's reproach, manna ceasing the day after the first Passover eaten in the land, and a commander of the LORD's host who answers Joshua's question about whose side he is on by declining to take either
The Canaanites' Terror (v.1): The kings of the Amorites and Canaanites hear of the Jordan crossing and "their heart melted, neither was there spirit in them any more" (v.1). The psychological victory is already won — the enemy is demoralized before a single battle. This confirms Rahab's report (2:9-11).
Circumcision at Gilgal (vv.2-9): God commands Joshua to circumcise the new generation (v.2). The reason: all males born during the 40 years of wilderness wandering had not been circumcised (vv.4-7). The old generation (who came out of Egypt) was circumcised but died in the wilderness for disobedience (v.6). Their children — now the fighting men — lacked the covenant sign. Joshua circumcises them at "Gibeath-haaraloth" (hill of the foreskins, v.3). They remain in camp until healed (v.8). God declares: "This day have I rolled away the reproach of Egypt from off you" (v.9) — hence the name "Gilgal" (rolling). The "reproach of Egypt" likely refers to the shame of being uncircumcised (like Egyptians viewed the uncircumcised) or the stigma of slavery and wandering.
The Passover at Gilgal (v.10): Israel keeps the Passover on the fourteenth day of the first month — exactly as prescribed (Exodus 12:6). This is the first Passover in the Promised Land. They entered on the 10th (4:19), were circumcised, and celebrate Passover on the 14th. The connection to Egypt's Passover is deliberate: the God who delivered them from Egypt has now brought them into Canaan.
Manna Ceases (vv.11-12): The day after Passover, they eat "the old corn of the land" — unleavened cakes and parched grain (v.11). The next day, the manna ceases (v.12). For 40 years God provided supernatural bread; now they eat the natural produce of Canaan. The wilderness provision ends because it is no longer needed — they have arrived. God's provision changes form but never stops.
The Commander of the LORD's Army (vv.13-15): Near Jericho, Joshua sees "a man" with a drawn sword (v.13). Joshua asks: "Art thou for us, or for our adversaries?" (v.13). The answer: "Nay; but as captain of the host of the LORD am I now come" (v.14). He is not on Israel's side or Jericho's side — He is on GOD's side, and Israel must align with Him. Joshua falls on his face and worships (v.14). The Commander says: "Loose thy shoe from off thy foot; for the place whereon thou standest is holy" (v.15) — the same command given to Moses at the burning bush (Exodus 3:5). This is almost certainly a Christophany — a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ. He accepts worship (which no angel would — cf. Revelation 22:8-9) and makes the ground holy by His presence.

Map & Geography

  • Gilgal: Base camp near Jericho where Israel is circumcised and celebrates Passover
  • The plains of Jericho: Where Israel eats the produce of Canaan for the first time and manna ceases
  • "By Jericho": The Commander of the LORD's army appears to Joshua near the city walls

Places on this map

  • JerichoJericho, West BankAn oasis at a perennial spring in the Jordan valley, 850 feet below sea level and among the oldest continuously settled sites anywhere. It guarded the ford and the climb up to the central hills, so anyone entering Canaan from the east had to deal with it first. Wikipedia
  • CanaanIsrael, West Bank, LebanonThe land bridge between Egypt and Mesopotamia, which is why armies crossed it for three thousand years. Within about 60 miles it goes from coastal plain to hill country to rift valley to desert plateau, so control of it was always local and piecemeal. Wikipedia
  • GilgalJordan valley, West BankIsrael's first camp west of the Jordan, between the river and Jericho, where the twelve stones were set up. The exact site has never been fixed. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes the vulnerability of circumcision before battle — God required covenant faithfulness over military readiness. He identifies the Commander as a Christophany based on the acceptance of worship and the "holy ground" command. The manna ceasing shows that God adjusts His provision to the season — He does not continue miracles when natural means are available.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Joshua 5 Summary: 5 Minute Bible Study
2BeLikeChrist

Circumcision & Passover at Gilgal – Joshua 5
David Guzik

Joshua 5 | The Angel of the Lord | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Articles

  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Joshua -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Victory Already Won in the Unseen (v.1) — News of Israel's crossing alone causes the Canaanite kings' hearts to melt before a single battle is fought. Where might God already be working behind the scenes in a situation you're still anxious about?
  • God Removes Old Shame (v.9) — Through circumcision at Gilgal, God declares that the reproach carried from Egypt has been rolled away from His people. What shame from your past are you still carrying that God has already removed?
  • Remembering Redemption in a New Season (v.10) — Israel keeps the Passover for the first time in the land, tying their new life in Canaan back to their deliverance from Egypt. How do you keep the memory of what God has already saved you from alive as you step into something new?
  • Provision Changes Its Form (v.12) — The manna stops the moment Israel begins eating the produce of the land, showing God's provision shifting rather than ending. Where might God be transitioning how He provides for you rather than withdrawing His care?
  • Aligning With God Rather Than Using Him (vv.13-15) — When Joshua asks whether the Commander of the Lord's army is for Israel or against them, the answer is neither — Joshua must fall down and align himself with God's purposes. Are you asking God to join your plans, or are you asking to be brought into His?