Deuteronomy — Chapter 25

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1If there is a dispute between men, they are to go to court to be judged, so that the innocent may be acquitted and the guilty condemned.

2If the guilty man deserves to be beaten, the judge shall have him lie down and be flogged in his presence with the number of lashes his crime warrants.

3He may receive no more than forty lashes, lest your brother be beaten any more than that and be degraded in your sight.

4Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain.

5When brothers dwell together and one of them dies without a son, the widow must not marry outside the family. Her husband’s brother is to take her as his wife and fulfill the duty of a brother-in-law for her.

6The first son she bears will carry on the name of the dead brother, so that his name will not be blotted out from Israel.

7But if the man does not want to marry his brother’s widow, she is to go to the elders at the city gate and say, “My husband’s brother refuses to preserve his brother’s name in Israel. He is not willing to perform the duty of a brother-in-law for me.”

8Then the elders of his city shall summon him and speak with him. If he persists and says, “I do not want to marry her,”

9his brother’s widow shall go up to him in the presence of the elders, remove his sandal, spit in his face, and declare, “This is what is done to the man who will not maintain his brother’s line.”

10And his family name in Israel will be called “The House of the Unsandaled.”

11If two men are fighting, and the wife of one comes to rescue her husband from the one striking him, and she reaches out her hand and grabs his genitals,

12you are to cut off her hand. You must show her no pity.

13You shall not have two differing weights in your bag, one heavy and one light.

14You shall not have two differing measures in your house, one large and one small.

15You must maintain accurate and honest weights and measures, so that you may live long in the land that the LORD your God is giving you.

16For everyone who behaves dishonestly in regard to these things is detestable to the LORD your God.

17Remember what the Amalekites did to you along your way from Egypt,

18how they met you on your journey when you were tired and weary, and they attacked all your stragglers; they had no fear of God.

19When the LORD your God gives you rest from the enemies around you in the land that He is giving you to possess as an inheritance, you are to blot out the memory of Amalek from under heaven. Do not forget!

1If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, that the judges may judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked.

2And it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain number.

3Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed: lest, if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee.

4Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn.

5If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband’s brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband’s brother unto her.

6And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel.

7And if the man like not to take his brother’s wife, then let his brother’s wife go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husband’s brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel, he will not perform the duty of my husband’s brother.

8Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him: and if he stand to it, and say, I like not to take her;

9Then shall his brother’s wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will not build up his brother’s house.

10And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed.

11When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draweth near for to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets:

12Then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not pity her.

13Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small.

14Thou shalt not have in thine house divers measures, a great and a small.

15But thou shalt have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be lengthened in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.

16For all that do such things, and all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto the LORD thy God.

17Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way, when ye were come forth out of Egypt;

18How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.

19Therefore it shall be, when the LORD thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget it.

1If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment, and [the judges] judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked;

2and it shall be, if the wicked man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his wickedness, by number.

3Forty stripes he may give him, he shall not exceed; lest, if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee.

4Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out [the grain].

5If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no son, the wife of the dead shall not be married without unto a stranger: her husband`s brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of a husband`s brother unto her.

6And it shall be, that the first-born that she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother that is dead, that his name be not blotted out of Israel.

7And if the man like not to take his brother`s wife, then his brother`s wife shall go up to the gate unto the elders, and say, My husband`s brother refuseth to raise up unto his brother a name in Israel; he will not perform the duty of a husband`s brother unto me.

8Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak unto him: and if he stand, and say, I like not to take her;

9then shall his brother`s wife come unto him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face; and she shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto the man that doth not build up his brother`s house.

10And his name shall be called in Israel, The house of him that hath his shoe loosed.

11When men strive together one with another, and the wife of the one draweth near to deliver her husband out of the hand of him that smiteth him, and putteth forth her hand, and taketh him by the secrets;

12then thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall have no pity.

13Thou shalt not have in thy bag diverse weights, a great and a small.

14Thou shalt not have in thy house diverse measures, a great and a small.

15A perfect and just weight shalt thou have; a perfect and just measure shalt thou have: that thy days may be long in the land which Jehovah thy God giveth thee.

16For all that do such things, [even] all that do unrighteously, are an abomination unto Jehovah thy God.

17Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way as ye came forth out of Egypt;

18how he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.

19Therefore it shall be, when Jehovah thy God hath given thee rest from all thine enemies round about, in the land which Jehovah thy God giveth thee for an inheritance to possess it, that thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget.

1If controversy arises between people, they should go to court for judgment. When the judges hear the case, they shall exonerate the innocent but condemn the guilty.

2Then, if the guilty person is sentenced to a beating, the judge shall force him to lie down and be beaten in his presence with the number of blows his wicked behavior deserves.

3The judge may sentence him to 40 blows, but no more. If he is struck with more than these, you might view your fellow Israelite with contempt.

4You must not muzzle your ox when it is treading grain.

5If brothers live together and one of them dies without having a son, the dead man’s wife must not remarry someone outside the family. Instead, her late husband’s brother must go to her, marry her, and perform the duty of a brother-in-law.

6Then the first son she bears will continue the name of the dead brother, thus preventing his name from being blotted out of Israel.

7But if the man does not want to marry his brother’s widow, then she must go to the elders at the town gate and say, “My husband’s brother refuses to preserve his brother’s name in Israel; he is unwilling to perform the duty of a brother-in-law to me!”

8Then the elders of his city must summon him and speak to him. If he persists, saying, “I don’t want to marry her,”

9then his sister-in-law must approach him in view of the elders, remove his sandal from his foot, and spit in his face. She will then respond, “Thus may it be done to any man who does not maintain his brother’s family line!”

10His family name will be referred to in Israel as “the family of the one whose sandal was removed.”

11If two men get into a hand-to-hand fight, and the wife of one of them gets involved to help her husband against his attacker, and she reaches out her hand and grabs his private parts,

12then you must cut off her hand—do not pity her.

13You must not have in your bag different stone weights, a heavy and a light one.

14You must not have in your house different measuring containers, a large and a small one.

15You must have an accurate and correct stone weight and an accurate and correct measuring container, so that your life may be extended in the land the Lord your God is about to give you.

16For anyone who acts dishonestly in these ways is abhorrent to the Lord your God.

17Remember what the Amalekites did to you on your way from Egypt,

18how they met you along the way and cut off all your stragglers in the rear of the march when you were exhausted and tired; they were unafraid of God.

19So when the Lord your God gives you relief from all the enemies who surround you in the land he is giving you as an inheritance, you must wipe out the memory of the Amalekites from under heaven—do not forget!

1If there is a controversy between men, and they come to judgment, and the judges judge them; then they shall justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked.

2It shall be, if the wicked man is worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down, and to be beaten before his face, according to his wickedness, by number.

3He may sentence him to no more than forty stripes. He shall not give more; lest, if he should give more, and beat him more than that many stripes, then your brother will be degraded in your sight.

4You shall not muzzle the ox when he treads out the grain.

5If brothers dwell together, and one of them dies, and has no son, the wife of the dead shall not be married outside to a stranger. Her husband’s brother shall go in to her, and take her as his wife, and perform the duty of a husband’s brother to her.

6It shall be that the firstborn whom she bears shall succeed in the name of his brother who is dead, that his name not be blotted out of Israel.

7If the man doesn’t want to take his brother’s wife, then his brother’s wife shall go up to the gate to the elders, and say, “My husband’s brother refuses to raise up to his brother a name in Israel. He will not perform the duty of a husband’s brother to me.”

8Then the elders of his city shall call him, and speak to him: and if he stands and says, “I don’t want to take her”;

9then his brother’s wife shall come to him in the presence of the elders, and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face. She shall answer and say, “So shall it be done to the man who does not build up his brother’s house.”

10His name shall be called in Israel, “The house of him who had his shoe removed.”

11When men strive against each other, and the wife of one draws near to deliver her husband out of the hand of him who strikes him, and puts out her hand, and takes him by his private parts,

12then you shall cut off her hand. Your eye shall have no pity.

13You shall not have in your bag diverse weights, one heavy and one light.

14You shall not have in your house diverse measures, one large and one small.

15You shall have a perfect and just weight. You shall have a perfect and just measure, that your days may be long in the land which Yahweh your God gives you.

16For all who do such things, all who do unrighteously, are an abomination to Yahweh your God.

17Remember what Amalek did to you by the way as you came out of Egypt;

18how he met you by the way, and struck the rearmost of you, all who were feeble behind you, when you were faint and weary; and he didn’t fear God.

19Therefore it shall be, when Yahweh your God has given you rest from all your enemies all around, in the land which Yahweh your God gives you for an inheritance to possess it, that you shall blot out the memory of Amalek from under the sky. You shall not forget.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

Moses limits corporal punishment to forty lashes so that a guilty person is not degraded beyond what the offense warrants, and instructs that an ox should not be muzzled while treading grain (vv. 1-4). He establishes levirate marriage, requiring a man to marry his deceased brother's childless widow to preserve the family line, with a public rite of shaming for a brother who refuses (vv. 5-10). Further laws follow regarding an unusual case of a woman intervening in a fight, and honest weights and measures in commerce, since dishonest scales are detestable to the LORD (vv. 11-16). The chapter closes by commanding Israel to remember what Amalek did in attacking the weak and weary at the rear of the column, and to blot out Amalek's memory once settled in the land (vv. 17-19).

Authorship & Background

Author: Moses. Deuteronomy is the fifth and final book of the Pentateuch, written at the end of the 40 years of wilderness wandering (approximately 1406 BC). Hebrew title: "Devarim" — "Words/Things." Greek title: "Deuteronomion" — "Second Law" (a repetition/expansion of the Law for the new generation). The book consists of Moses' farewell speeches to Israel on the plains of Moab, just before they enter the Promised Land. Moses will not enter with them — these are his final words to the nation he has led for 40 years.
Historical Context: Chapter 25 continues the specific legislation section of Deuteronomy (chapters 12-26). This chapter addresses several seemingly unrelated laws that share a common thread: the preservation of human dignity, justice, and the continuation of family and national identity. The chapter moves from limits on corporal punishment (vv.1-3), to the rights of working animals (v.4), to levirate marriage and the duty to preserve a brother's name (vv.5-10), to an unusual case of immodest intervention (vv.11-12), to honest weights and measures (vv.13-16), and finally to the command to remember and destroy Amalek (vv.17-19). The unifying principle is that God cares about dignity — the dignity of the punished criminal (who remains "thy brother"), the dignity of the working ox, the dignity of the dead man's name, and the dignity of honest commerce. The Amalek passage closes the chapter with a reminder that those who attack the weak and vulnerable (as Amalek attacked Israel's stragglers) will face God's ultimate judgment.
Classification: Historical Narrative
Key Themes: a limit of forty stripes on corporal punishment specifically so the punished man is not degraded beyond recognition as a brother, an ox permitted to eat while it treads the grain rather than being muzzled through its labor, levirate marriage requiring a surviving brother to raise up his dead brother's name, a refusal met with public shame, a sandal removed and spit in the face, honest weights tied directly to how long the nation itself will endure in the land, and a command to remember Amalek's attack on the weak stragglers specifically so that memory can be blotted out
Limits on Corporal Punishment (vv.1-3): "If there be a controversy between men, and they come unto judgment" (v.1). The judges must "justify the righteous, and condemn the wicked" (v.1). If beating is warranted: "Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed" (v.3). The reason for the limit: "lest... thy brother should seem vile unto thee" (KJV) / "your brother be degraded in your sight" (ESV) (v.3). Even a convicted criminal retains dignity as "thy brother." Punishment has limits because the offender remains a human being made in God's image. Jewish tradition later reduced this to 39 stripes to avoid accidentally exceeding 40 (cf. 2 Corinthians 11:24 — Paul received "forty stripes save one").
The Unmuzzled Ox (v.4): "Thou shalt not muzzle the ox when he treadeth out the corn" (KJV) / "You shall not muzzle an ox when it is treading out the grain" (ESV). A single verse with enormous theological reach. The working animal must be allowed to eat while it works. Paul applies this principle to human laborers — specifically ministers of the gospel: "Doth God take care for oxen? Or saith he it altogether for our sakes?" (1 Corinthians 9:9-10). If God cares that an ox eats while working, how much more does He care that those who labor in His service are supported? The principle: the laborer deserves to benefit from his labor.
Levirate Marriage (vv.5-10): "If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child" (v.5). The surviving brother must marry the widow and raise up offspring in the dead brother's name (v.5-6). The purpose: "that his name be not put out of Israel" (v.6). If the brother refuses, the widow goes to the elders (v.7). If he persists in refusal, she removes his sandal and spits in his face (v.9) — public shame for failing his duty. His house is called "The house of him that hath his shoe loosed" (v.10). This law provides the background for the book of Ruth (Ruth 4:7-8) and the Sadducees' question to Jesus about the resurrection (Matthew 22:23-28). The sandal removal symbolizes the transfer (or forfeiture) of property rights.
Immodest Intervention (vv.11-12): A woman who seizes a man's genitals during a fight to rescue her husband — "thou shalt cut off her hand, thine eye shall not pity her" (v.12). This is the only law in the Torah prescribing mutilation as punishment. Many scholars understand this as referring to a monetary fine (the Hebrew "hand" sometimes meaning "power/means"), but the plain reading is severe. The principle: even a good motive (rescuing her husband) does not justify every means.
Honest Weights and Measures (vv.13-16): "Thou shalt not have in thy bag divers weights, a great and a small" (v.13). Dishonest commerce is "an abomination unto the LORD thy God" (v.16). The promise for honesty: "that thy days may be lengthened in the land" (v.15). God connects commercial integrity with national longevity. A society built on fraud will not endure.
Remember Amalek (vv.17-19): "Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way" (v.17). Amalek's crime: "he... smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God" (v.18). Amalek attacked the weak, the stragglers, the exhausted — cowardly predation on the vulnerable. The command: "thou shalt blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under heaven; thou shalt not forget it" (v.19). Paradox: remember to blot out the remembrance. Israel must remember the command even as they execute it. This is fulfilled partially in 1 Samuel 15 (Saul's incomplete obedience) and remains a theological principle: God opposes those who prey on the weak.

Map & Geography

  • Moses speaks from the plains of Moab. "Remember what Amalek did unto thee by the way" (v.17) — Rephidim, on the route from Egypt to Sinai. Israel is to blot out Amalek's memory once settled in the land.

Places on this map

  • Moabwest-central JordanThe plateau east of the Dead Sea, cut off from Israel by the rift valley and from Ammon by the Arnon gorge. High enough to farm grain, which is why Naomi's family went there in a famine. Wikipedia
  • EgyptEgyptA ribbon of irrigated land along the Nile, ending in the Delta where Israel settled in Goshen. Rain-fed Canaan depended on weather; Egypt depended on a river that flooded on schedule, which made it the place everyone went when the harvest failed. Wikipedia
  • Mount SinaiJebel Musa, Sinai Peninsula, EgyptTraditionally Jebel Musa in the granite mountains of the southern Sinai peninsula, about 7,500 feet high. The identification dates from Christian monastic tradition rather than from the text, and other candidates have been proposed, but this has been the pilgrimage site since the fourth century. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes the dignity principle in the 40-stripe limit: even under just punishment, the criminal remains a brother. He notes Paul's application of the unmuzzled ox to ministerial support, showing that the Old Testament law contains principles that transcend its immediate context.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Deuteronomy 25 Summary: 5 Minute Bible Study
2BeLikeChrist

Deuteronomy 23-25 | Purity and Presence | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Articles

  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Deuteronomy -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Justice With Limits, Never Dehumanizing (v.3) — Even a rightly punished offender is still called "thy brother," and the law caps punishment so it doesn't cross into degrading him. When someone genuinely wrongs you, does your desire for justice ever slide into wanting to see them humiliated rather than corrected?
  • The Worker Deserves to Benefit From His Labor (v.4) — An ox treading grain was not to be muzzled, because it deserved to eat from the very work it was doing. Are you fairly compensating or crediting the people whose labor benefits you, or are you quietly consuming the fruit of work you didn't let them share in?
  • Family Obligation Over Personal Preference (v.6) — The levirate marriage law required a brother to set aside his own preference to preserve his dead brother's name and provide for his widow. Where has your own convenience taken priority over an obligation you actually owe to family?
  • Integrity Even When No One Is Checking (vv.15-16) — Keeping honest weights and measures mattered enough to God that dishonest ones are called an abomination, tying commercial integrity to the nation's very future. Are there small dishonesties in your own dealings — at work, in transactions, in reporting — that you'd never call lying but function the same way?
  • God's Anger at Those Who Prey on the Weak (v.18) — Amalek's particular crime was attacking Israel's exhausted stragglers who trailed behind, and God's response was lasting judgment. Where do you have influence or strength that could be used against someone weaker, and are you resisting that temptation?