Exodus — Chapter 22

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1If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall restore five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.

2If a thief be found breaking up, and be smitten that he die,

3If the sun be risen upon him,

4If the theft be certainly found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep; he shall restore double.

5If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and shall put in his beast, and shall feed in another man’s field; of the best of his own field, and of the best of his own vineyard, shall he make restitution.

6If fire break out, and catch in thorns, so that the stacks of corn, or the standing corn, or the field, be consumed

7If a man shall deliver unto his neighbour money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man’s house; if the thief be found, let him pay double.

8If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall be brought unto the judges,

9For all manner of trespass,

10If a man deliver unto his neighbour an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast, to keep; and it die, or be hurt, or driven away, no man seeing

11Then shall an oath of the LORD be between them both, that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbour’s goods; and the owner of it shall accept

12And if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof.

13If it be torn in pieces,

14And if a man borrow

15But if the owner thereof

16And if a man entice a maid that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely endow her to be his wife.

17If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins.

18Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live.

19Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death.

20He that sacrificeth unto

21Thou shalt neither vex a stranger, nor oppress him: for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt.

22Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child.

23If thou afflict them in any wise, and they cry at all unto me, I will surely hear their cry;

24And my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless.

25If thou lend money to

26If thou at all take thy neighbour’s raiment to pledge, thou shalt deliver it unto him by that the sun goeth down:

27For that

28Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the ruler of thy people.

29Thou shalt not delay

30Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen,

31And ye shall be holy men unto me: neither shall ye eat

1If a man shall steal an ox, or a sheep, and kill it, or sell it; he shall pay five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.

2If the thief be found breaking in, and be smitten so that he dieth, there shall be no bloodguiltiness for him.

3If the sun be risen upon him, there shall be bloodguiltiness for him; he shall make restitution: if he have nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft.

4If the theft be found in his hand alive, whether it be ox, or ass, or sheep, he shall pay double.

5If a man shall cause a field or vineyard to be eaten, and shall let his beast loose, and it feed in another man`s field; of the best of his own field, and of the best of his own vineyard, shall he make restitution.

6If fire break out, and catch in thorns, so that the shocks of grain, or the standing grain, or the field are consumed; he that kindled the fire shall surely make restitution.

7If a man shall deliver unto his neighbor money or stuff to keep, and it be stolen out of the man`s house; if the thief be found, he shall pay double.

8If the thief be not found, then the master of the house shall come near unto God, [to see] whether he have not put his hand unto his neighbor`s goods.

9For every matter of trespass, whether it be for ox, for ass, for sheep, for raiment, [or] for any manner of lost thing, whereof one saith, This is it, the cause of both parties shall come before God; he whom God shall condemn shall pay double unto his neighbor.

10If a man deliver unto his neighbor an ass, or an ox, or a sheep, or any beast, to keep; and it die, or be hurt, or driven away, no man seeing it:

11the oath of Jehovah shall be between them both, whether he hath not put his hand unto his neighbor`s goods; and the owner thereof shall accept it, and he shall not make restitution.

12But if it be stolen from him, he shall make restitution unto the owner thereof.

13If it be torn in pieces, let him bring it for witness: he shall not make good that which was torn.

14And if a man borrow aught of his neighbor, and it be hurt, or die, the owner thereof not being with it, he shall surely make restitution.

15If the owner thereof be with it, he shall not make it good: if it be a hired thing, it came for its hire.

16And if a man entice a virgin that is not betrothed, and lie with her, he shall surely pay a dowry for her to be his wife.

17If her father utterly refuse to give her unto him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins.

18Thou shalt not suffer a sorceress to live.

19Whosoever lieth with a beast shall surely be put to death.

20He that sacrificeth unto any god, save unto Jehovah only, shall be utterly destroyed.

21And a sojourner shalt thou not wrong, neither shalt thou oppress him: for ye were sojourners in the land of Egypt.

22Ye shall not afflict any widow, or fatherless child.

23If thou afflict them at all, and they cry at all unto me, I will surely hear their cry;

24and my wrath shall wax hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless.

25If thou lend money to any of my people with thee that is poor, thou shalt not be to him as a creditor; neither shall ye lay upon him interest.

26If thou at all take thy neighbor`s garment to pledge, thou shalt restore it unto him before the sun goeth down:

27for that is his only covering, it is his garment for his skin: wherein shall he sleep? And it shall come to pass, when he crieth unto me, that I will hear; for I am gracious.

28Thou shalt not revile God, nor curse a ruler of thy people.

29Thou shalt not delay to offer of thy harvest, and of the outflow of thy presses. The first-born of thy sons shalt thou give unto me.

30Likewise shalt thou do with thine oxen, [and] with thy sheep: seven days it shall be with its dam; on the eighth day thou shalt give it me.

31And ye shall be holy men unto me: therefore ye shall not eat any flesh that is torn of beasts in the field; ye shall cast it to the dogs.

1(21:37) “If a man steals an ox or a sheep and kills it or sells it, he must pay back five head of cattle for the ox, and four sheep for the one sheep.

2“If a thief is caught breaking in and is struck so that he dies, there will be no blood guilt for him.

3If the sun has risen on him, then there is blood guilt for him. A thief must surely make full restitution; if he has nothing, then he will be sold for his theft.

4If the stolen item should in fact be found alive in his possession, whether it be an ox or a donkey or a sheep, he must pay back double.

5“If a man grazes his livestock in a field or a vineyard and he lets the livestock loose and they graze in the field of another man, he must make restitution from the best of his own field and the best of his own vineyard.

6“If a fire breaks out and spreads to thorn bushes, so that stacked grain or standing grain or the whole field is consumed, the one who started the fire must surely make restitution.

7“If a man gives his neighbor money or articles for safekeeping and it is stolen from the man’s house, if the thief is caught, he must repay double.

8If the thief is not caught, then the owner of the house will be brought before the judges to see whether he has laid his hand on his neighbor’s goods.

9In all cases of illegal possessions, whether for an ox, a donkey, a sheep, a garment, or any kind of lost item, about which someone says ‘This belongs to me,’ the matter of the two of them will come before the judges, and the one whom the judges declare guilty must repay double to his neighbor.

10If a man gives his neighbor a donkey or an ox or a sheep or any beast to keep, and it dies or is injured or is carried away without anyone seeing it,

11then there will be an oath to the Lord between the two of them, that he has not laid his hand on his neighbor’s goods, and its owner will accept this, and he will not have to pay.

12But if it was stolen from him, he will pay its owner.

13If it is torn in pieces, then he will bring it for evidence, and he will not have to pay for what was torn.

14“If a man borrows an animal from his neighbor and it is hurt or dies when its owner was not with it, the man who borrowed it will surely pay.

15If its owner was with it, he will not have to pay; if it was hired, what was paid for the hire covers it.

16“If a man seduces a virgin who is not engaged and goes to bed with her, he must surely pay the marriage price for her to be his wife.

17If her father refuses to give her to him, he must pay money for the bride price of virgins.

18“You must not allow a sorceress to live.

19“Whoever has sexual relations with a beast must surely be put to death.

20“Whoever sacrifices to a god other than the Lord alone must be utterly destroyed.

21“You must not wrong a resident foreigner nor oppress him, for you were foreigners in the land of Egypt.

22“You must not afflict any widow or orphan.

23If you afflict them in any way and they cry to me, I will surely hear their cry,

24and my anger will burn and I will kill you with the sword, and your wives will be widows and your children will be fatherless.

25“If you lend money to any of my people who are needy among you, do not be like a moneylender to him; do not charge him interest.

26If you do take the garment of your neighbor in pledge, you must return it to him by the time the sun goes down,

27for it is his only covering—it is his garment for his body. What else can he sleep in? And when he cries out to me, I will hear, for I am gracious.

28“You must not blaspheme God or curse the ruler of your people.

29“Do not hold back offerings from your granaries or your vats. You must give me the firstborn of your sons.

30You must also do this for your oxen and for your sheep; seven days they may remain with their mothers, but give them to me on the eighth day.

31“You will be holy people to me; you must not eat any meat torn by animals in the field. You must throw it to the dogs.

1“If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and kills it, or sells it; he shall pay five oxen for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.

2If the thief is found breaking in, and is struck so that he dies, there shall be no guilt of bloodshed for him.

3If the sun has risen on him, guilt of bloodshed shall be for him; he shall make restitution. If he has nothing, then he shall be sold for his theft.

4If the stolen property is found in his hand alive, whether it is ox, donkey, or sheep, he shall pay double.

5“If a man causes a field or vineyard to be eaten, and lets his animal loose, and it grazes in another man’s field, he shall make restitution from the best of his own field, and from the best of his own vineyard.

6“If fire breaks out, and catches in thorns so that the shocks of grain, or the standing grain, or the field are consumed; he who kindled the fire shall surely make restitution.

7“If a man delivers to his neighbor money or stuff to keep, and it is stolen out of the man’s house; if the thief is found, he shall pay double.

8If the thief isn’t found, then the master of the house shall come near to God, to find out if he hasn’t put his hand to his neighbor’s goods.

9For every matter of trespass, whether it is for ox, for donkey, for sheep, for clothing, or for any kind of lost thing, about which one says, ‘This is mine,’ the cause of both parties shall come before God. He whom God condemns shall pay double to his neighbor.

10“If a man delivers to his neighbor a donkey, an ox, a sheep, or any animal to keep, and it dies or is injured, or driven away, no man seeing it;

11the oath of Yahweh shall be between them both, whether he hasn’t put his hand to his neighbor’s goods; and its owner shall accept it, and he shall not make restitution.

12But if it is stolen from him, he shall make restitution to its owner.

13If it is torn in pieces, let him bring it for evidence. He shall not make good that which was torn.

14“If a man borrows anything of his neighbor’s, and it is injured, or dies, its owner not being with it, he shall surely make restitution.

15If its owner is with it, he shall not make it good. If it is a leased thing, it came for its lease.

16“If a man entices a virgin who isn’t pledged to be married, and lies with her, he shall surely pay a dowry for her to be his wife.

17If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, he shall pay money according to the dowry of virgins.

18“You shall not allow a sorceress to live.

19“Whoever has sex with an animal shall surely be put to death.

20“He who sacrifices to any god, except to Yahweh only, shall be utterly destroyed.

21“You shall not wrong an alien or oppress him, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt.

22“You shall not take advantage of any widow or fatherless child.

23If you take advantage of them at all, and they cry at all to me, I will surely hear their cry;

24and my wrath will grow hot, and I will kill you with the sword; and your wives shall be widows, and your children fatherless.

25“If you lend money to any of my people with you who is poor, you shall not be to him as a creditor. You shall not charge him interest.

26If you take your neighbor’s garment as collateral, you shall restore it to him before the sun goes down,

27for that is his only covering, it is his garment for his skin. What would he sleep in? It will happen, when he cries to me, that I will hear, for I am gracious.

28“You shall not blaspheme God, nor curse a ruler of your people.

29“You shall not delay to offer from your harvest and from the outflow of your presses. “You shall give the firstborn of your sons to me.

30You shall do likewise with your cattle and with your sheep. Seven days it shall be with its mother, then on the eighth day you shall give it to me.

31“You shall be holy men to me, therefore you shall not eat any meat that is torn by animals in the field. You shall cast it to the dogs.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

Laws concerning theft, property damage, social responsibility, and moral purity — God's standard for a just community.

Authorship & Background

Author: Moses (see Chapter 1 notes for full authorship details).
Historical Context: Chapter 22 continues the Book of the Covenant with laws covering property crimes, social responsibility, and moral/religious duties. The chapter moves from theft and restitution (vv.1-15) to sexual ethics and capital religious offenses (vv.16-20) to the protection of the vulnerable (vv.21-27) and duties to God (vv.28-31). These laws reveal God's character: He cares about property rights, sexual purity, the vulnerable (strangers, widows, orphans), and economic justice (no usury against the poor). The chapter ends with the call to holiness: "ye shall be holy men unto me" (v.31).
Laws of Theft and Restitution (vv.1-6): Stealing an ox: restore five-fold; a sheep: four-fold (v.1). A thief killed during a nighttime break-in: no guilt; killed in daylight: guilt (vv.2-3). Stolen animal found alive: double restitution (v.4). Damage to fields by livestock or fire: full restitution from the best of one's own property (vv.5-6).
Laws of Trust and Custody (vv.7-15): Property entrusted and stolen: the thief pays double; if no thief found, the custodian swears before God (vv.7-9). Animals in custody that die or are injured: an oath settles it (vv.10-11). If stolen: the custodian pays (v.12). If torn by beasts: evidence suffices (v.13). Borrowed items damaged: full restitution unless the owner was present (vv.14-15).
Sexual and Religious Laws (vv.16-20): Seduction of an unbetrothed virgin: the man must pay the bride-price and marry her (vv.16-17). Three capital offenses: sorcery (v.18), bestiality (v.19), and sacrificing to other gods (v.20).
Protection of the Vulnerable (vv.21-27): Do not oppress strangers — "ye were strangers in the land of Egypt" (v.21). Do not afflict widows or orphans — God will hear their cry and His wrath will burn (vv.22-24). No usury/interest on loans to the poor (v.25). Return a poor man's cloak by sunset — "for I am gracious" (vv.26-27).
Duties to God (vv.28-31): Do not revile God or curse rulers (v.28). Do not delay firstfruits or firstborn offerings (vv.29-30). "Ye shall be holy men unto me" — do not eat flesh torn by beasts (v.31).

Map & Geography

  • Israel remains encamped at Mount Sinai. These laws continue the Book of the Covenant.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik covers the restitution principles, God's special concern for the vulnerable, the prohibition of usury, and the call to holiness as the chapter's climax.
  • Charles Spurgeon: Sermon: "God the Defender of the Poor" on vv.22-27 (MTP Vol. 30, No. 1800) "If thou afflict them... and they cry at all unto me, I WILL SURELY HEAR — God puts Himself on record as the defender of widows, orphans, and the poor. Touch them and you touch God. Oppress them and God's wrath burns. Charge them interest and God hears their cry. Take their cloak and God demands it back by sunset. Why? 'For I am gracious.' God's compassion is not passive sentiment — it is active justice. He HEARS. He ACTS. He AVENGES. The poor have a Defender whose wrath makes Pharaoh's army look like children playing at war."

Reflection

  • 1. "Ye were strangers in the land of Egypt" (v.21). Your own experience of suffering should produce compassion for others who suffer. Does it? Or has your pain made you hard rather than tender?
  • 2. "If thou afflict them... I will surely hear their cry" (vv.22-23). God hears the cry of the vulnerable. Are you on the right side of this equation — protecting the vulnerable or exploiting them?
  • 3. "Thou shalt not be to him as an usurer" (v.25). God forbids profiting from the poor's desperation. How do you treat those in financial need? With generosity or with exploitation?
  • 4. "I am gracious" (v.27). God's compassion is the foundation of social ethics. We are kind to others because God is kind to us. Is your treatment of others reflecting God's character?
  • 5. "Ye shall be holy men unto me" (v.31). Holiness is the goal — set apart, distinct, belonging to God. Not just in worship but in business, in relationships, in how you treat the poor. Holiness is comprehensive.