Exodus — Chapter 9

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1Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and tell him that this is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘Let My people go, so that they may worship Me.

2But if you continue to restrain them and refuse to let them go,

3then the hand of the LORD will bring a severe plague on your livestock in the field—on your horses, donkeys, camels, herds, and flocks.

4But the LORD will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt, so that no animal belonging to the Israelites will die.’”

5The LORD set a time, saying, “Tomorrow the LORD will do this in the land.”

6And the next day the LORD did just that. All the livestock of the Egyptians died, but not one animal belonging to the Israelites died.

7Pharaoh sent officials and found that none of the livestock of the Israelites had died. But Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he would not let the people go.

8Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron, “Take handfuls of soot from the furnace; in the sight of Pharaoh, Moses is to toss it into the air.

9It will become fine dust over all the land of Egypt, and festering boils will break out on man and beast throughout the land.”

10So they took soot from the furnace and stood before Pharaoh. Moses tossed it into the air, and festering boils broke out on man and beast.

11The magicians could not stand before Moses, because the boils had broken out on them and on all the Egyptians.

12But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he would not listen to them, just as the LORD had said to Moses.

13Then the LORD said to Moses, “Get up early in the morning, stand before Pharaoh, and tell him that this is what the LORD, the God of the Hebrews, says: ‘Let My people go, so that they may worship Me.

14Otherwise, I will send all My plagues against you and your officials and your people, so you may know that there is no one like Me in all the earth.

15For by this time I could have stretched out My hand and struck you and your people with a plague to wipe you off the earth.

16But I have raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display My power to you, and that My name might be proclaimed in all the earth.

17Still, you lord it over My people and do not allow them to go.

18Behold, at this time tomorrow I will rain down the worst hail that has ever fallen on Egypt, from the day it was founded until now.

19So give orders now to shelter your livestock and everything you have in the field. Every man or beast that remains in the field and is not brought inside will die when the hail comes down upon them.’”

20Those among Pharaoh’s officials who feared the word of the LORD hurried to bring their servants and livestock to shelter,

21but those who disregarded the word of the LORD left their servants and livestock in the field.

22Then the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward heaven, so that hail may fall on all the land of Egypt—on man and beast and every plant of the field throughout the land of Egypt.”

23So Moses stretched out his staff toward heaven, and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and lightning struck the earth. So the LORD rained down hail upon the land of Egypt.

24The hail fell and the lightning continued flashing through it. The hail was so severe that nothing like it had ever been seen in all the land of Egypt from the time it became a nation.

25Throughout the land of Egypt, the hail struck down everything in the field, both man and beast; it beat down every plant of the field and stripped every tree.

26The only place where it did not hail was in the land of Goshen, where the Israelites lived.

27Then Pharaoh summoned Moses and Aaron. “This time I have sinned,” he said. “The LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.

28Pray to the LORD, for there has been enough of God’s thunder and hail. I will let you go; you do not need to stay any longer.”

29Moses said to him, “When I have left the city, I will spread out my hands to the LORD. The thunder will cease, and there will be no more hail, so that you may know that the earth is the LORD’s.

30But as for you and your officials, I know that you still do not fear the LORD our God.”

31(Now the flax and barley were destroyed, since the barley was ripe and the flax was in bloom;

32but the wheat and spelt were not destroyed, because they are late crops.)

33Then Moses departed from Pharaoh, went out of the city, and spread out his hands to the LORD. The thunder and hail ceased, and the rain no longer poured down on the land.

34When Pharaoh saw that the rain and hail and thunder had ceased, he sinned again and hardened his heart—he and his officials.

35So Pharaoh’s heart was hardened, and he would not let the Israelites go, just as the LORD had said through Moses.

1Then the LORD said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.

2For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still,

3Behold, the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle which is in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the oxen, and upon the sheep: there shall be a very grievous murrain.

4And the LORD shall sever between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt: and there shall nothing die of all that is the children’s of Israel.

5And the LORD appointed a set time, saying, To morrow the LORD shall do this thing in the land.

6And the LORD did that thing on the morrow, and all the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one.

7And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the people go.

8And the LORD said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the heaven in the sight of Pharaoh.

9And it shall become small dust in all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt.

10And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains upon man, and upon beast.

11And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boil was upon the magicians, and upon all the Egyptians.

12And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses.

13And the LORD said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith the LORD God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.

14For I will at this time send all my plagues upon thine heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth.

15For now I will stretch out my hand, that I may smite thee and thy people with pestilence; and thou shalt be cut off from the earth.

16And in very deed for this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power; and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth.

17As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou wilt not let them go?

18Behold, to morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the foundation thereof even until now.

19Send therefore now, and gather thy cattle, and all that thou hast in the field; for upon every man and beast which shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die.

20He that feared the word of the LORD among the servants of Pharaoh made his servants and his cattle flee into the houses:

21And he that regarded not the word of the LORD left his servants and his cattle in the field.

22And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch forth thine hand toward heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.

23And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and the LORD sent thunder and hail, and the fire ran along upon the ground; and the LORD rained hail upon the land of Egypt.

24So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as there was none like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.

25And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field.

26Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail.

27And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.

28Intreat the LORD (for it is enough) that there be no more mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer.

29And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto the LORD; and the thunder shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know how that the earth is the LORD’S.

30But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet fear the LORD God.

31And the flax and the barley was smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was bolled.

32But the wheat and the rie were not smitten: for they were not grown up.

33And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto the LORD: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth.

34And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.

35And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, neither would he let the children of Israel go; as the LORD had spoken by Moses.

1Then Jehovah said unto Moses, Go in unto Pharaoh, and tell him, Thus saith Jehovah, the God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.

2For if thou refuse to let them go, and wilt hold them still,

3behold, the hand of Jehovah is upon thy cattle which are in the field, upon the horses, upon the asses, upon the camels, upon the herds, and upon the flocks: [there shall be] a very grievous murrain.

4And Jehovah shall make a distinction between the cattle of Israel and the cattle of Egypt; and there shall nothing die of all that belongeth to the children of Israel.

5And Jehovah appointed a set time, saying, To-morrow Jehovah shall do this thing in the land.

6And Jehovah did that thing on the morrow; and all the cattle of Egypt died; but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one.

7And Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not so much as one of the cattle of the Israelites dead. But the heart of Pharaoh was stubborn, and he did not let the people go.

8And Jehovah said unto Moses and unto Aaron, Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward heaven in the sight of Pharaoh.

9And it shall become small dust over all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking forth with blains upon man and upon beast, throughout all the land of Egypt.

10And they took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward heaven; and it became a boil breaking forth with blains upon man and upon beast.

11And the magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boils were upon the magicians, and upon all the Egyptians.

12And Jehovah hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them, as Jehovah had spoken unto Moses.

13And Jehovah said unto Moses, Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and say unto him, Thus saith Jehovah, the God of the Hebrews, Let my people go, that they may serve me.

14For I will this time send all my plagues upon thy heart, and upon thy servants, and upon thy people; that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth.

15For now I had put forth my hand, and smitten thee and thy people with pestilence, and thou hadst been cut off from the earth:

16but in very deed for this cause have I made thee to stand, to show thee my power, and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth.

17As yet exaltest thou thyself against my people, that thou wilt not let them go?

18Behold, to-morrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as hath not been in Egypt since the day it was founded even until now.

19Now therefore send, hasten in thy cattle and all that thou hast in the field; [for] every man and beast that shall be found in the field, and shall not be brought home, the hail shall come down upon them, and they shall die.

20He that feared the word of Jehovah among the servants of Pharaoh made his servants and his cattle flee into the houses.

21And he that regarded not the word of Jehovah left his servants and his cattle in the field.

22And Jehovah said unto Moses, Stretch forth thy hand toward heaven, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, upon man, and upon beast, and upon every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.

23And Moses stretched forth his rod toward heaven: and Jehovah sent thunder and hail, and fire ran down unto the earth; and Jehovah rained hail upon the land of Egypt.

24So there was hail, and fire mingled with the hail, very grievous, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.

25And the hail smote throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and beast; and the hail smote every herb of the field, and brake every tree of the field.

26Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail.

27And Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said unto them, I have sinned this time: Jehovah is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.

28Entreat Jehovah; for there hath been enough of [these] mighty thunderings and hail; and I will let you go, and ye shall stay no longer.

29And Moses said unto him, As soon as I am gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands unto Jehovah; the thunders shall cease, neither shall there be any more hail; that thou mayest know that the earth is Jehovah`s.

30But as for thee and thy servants, I know that ye will not yet fear Jehovah God.

31And the flax and the barley were smitten: for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was in bloom.

32But the wheat and the spelt were not smitten: for they were not grown up.

33And Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands unto Jehovah: and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured upon the earth.

34And when Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders were ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.

35And the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did not let the children of Israel go, as Jehovah had spoken by Moses.

1Then the Lord said to Moses, “Go to Pharaoh and tell him, ‘This is what the Lord, the God of the Hebrews, has said, “Release my people that they may serve me!

2For if you refuse to release them and continue holding them,

3then the hand of the Lord will surely bring a very terrible plague on your livestock in the field, on the horses, the donkeys, the camels, the herds, and the flocks.

4But the Lord will distinguish between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt, and nothing will die of all that the Israelites have.”’”

5The Lord set an appointed time, saying, “Tomorrow the Lord will do this in the land.”

6And the Lord did this on the next day; all the livestock of the Egyptians died, but of the Israelites’ livestock not one died.

7Pharaoh sent representatives to investigate, and indeed, not even one of the livestock of Israel had died. But Pharaoh’s heart remained hard, and he did not release the people.

8Then the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, “Take handfuls of soot from a furnace, and have Moses throw it into the air while Pharaoh is watching.

9It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt and will cause boils to break out and fester on both people and animals in all the land of Egypt.”

10So they took soot from a furnace and stood before Pharaoh, Moses threw it into the air, and it caused festering boils to break out on both people and animals.

11The magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils, for boils were on the magicians and on all the Egyptians.

12But the Lord hardened Pharaoh’s heart, and he did not listen to them, just as the Lord had predicted to Moses.

13The Lord said to Moses, “Get up early in the morning, stand before Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what the Lord, the God of the Hebrews, has said: “Release my people so that they may serve me!

14For this time I will send all my plagues on your very self and on your servants and your people, so that you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth.

15For by now I could have stretched out my hand and struck you and your people with plague, and you would have been destroyed from the earth.

16But for this purpose I have caused you to stand: to show you my strength, and so that my name may be declared in all the earth.

17You are still exalting yourself against my people by not releasing them.

18I am going to cause very severe hail to rain down about this time tomorrow, such hail as has never occurred in Egypt from the day it was founded until now.

19So now, send instructions to gather your livestock and all your possessions in the fields to a safe place. Every person or animal caught in the field and not brought into the house—the hail will come down on them, and they will die!”’”

20Those of Pharaoh’s servants who feared the Lord’s message hurried to bring their servants and livestock into the houses,

21but those who did not take the Lord’s message seriously left their servants and their cattle in the field.

22Then the Lord said to Moses, “Extend your hand toward the sky that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, on people and on animals, and on everything that grows in the field in the land of Egypt.”

23When Moses extended his staff toward the sky, the Lord sent thunder and hail, and fire fell to the earth; so the Lord caused hail to rain down on the land of Egypt.

24Hail fell and fire mingled with the hail; the hail was so severe that there had not been any like it in all the land of Egypt since it had become a nation.

25The hail struck everything in the open fields, both people and animals, throughout all the land of Egypt. The hail struck everything that grows in the field, and it broke all the trees of the field to pieces.

26Only in the land of Goshen, where the Israelites lived, was there no hail.

27So Pharaoh sent and summoned Moses and Aaron and said to them, “I have sinned this time! The Lord is righteous, and I and my people are guilty.

28Pray to the Lord, for the mighty thunderings and hail are too much! I will release you and you will stay no longer.”

29Moses said to him, “When I leave the city I will spread my hands to the Lord, the thunder will cease, and there will be no more hail, so that you may know that the earth belongs to the Lord.

30But as for you and your servants, I know that you do not yet fear the Lord God.”

31(Now the flax and the barley were struck by the hail, for the barley had ripened and the flax was in bud.

32But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, for they are later crops.)

33So Moses left Pharaoh, went out of the city, and spread out his hands to the Lord, and the thunder and the hail ceased, and the rain stopped pouring on the earth.

34When Pharaoh saw that the rain and hail and thunder ceased, he sinned again: both he and his servants hardened their hearts.

35So Pharaoh’s heart remained hard, and he did not release the Israelites, as the Lord had predicted through Moses.

1Then Yahweh said to Moses, “Go in to Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: “Let my people go, that they may serve me.

2For if you refuse to let them go, and hold them still,

3behold, Yahweh’s hand is on your livestock which are in the field, on the horses, on the donkeys, on the camels, on the herds, and on the flocks with a very grievous pestilence.

4Yahweh will make a distinction between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of Egypt; and nothing shall die of all that belongs to the children of Israel.”’”

5Yahweh appointed a set time, saying, “Tomorrow Yahweh shall do this thing in the land.”

6Yahweh did that thing on the next day; and all the livestock of Egypt died, but of the livestock of the children of Israel, not one died.

7Pharaoh sent, and, behold, there was not so much as one of the livestock of the Israelites dead. But the heart of Pharaoh was stubborn, and he didn’t let the people go.

8Yahweh said to Moses and to Aaron, “Take to you handfuls of ashes of the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle it toward the sky in the sight of Pharaoh.

9It shall become small dust over all the land of Egypt, and shall be a boil breaking out with boils on man and on animal, throughout all the land of Egypt.”

10They took ashes of the furnace, and stood before Pharaoh; and Moses sprinkled it up toward the sky; and it became a boil breaking out with boils on man and on animal.

11The magicians couldn’t stand before Moses because of the boils; for the boils were on the magicians, and on all the Egyptians.

12Yahweh hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he didn’t listen to them, as Yahweh had spoken to Moses.

13Yahweh said to Moses, “Rise up early in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh, and tell him, ‘This is what Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, says: “Let my people go, that they may serve me.

14For this time I will send all my plagues against your heart, against your officials, and against your people; that you may know that there is no one like me in all the earth.

15For now I would have stretched out my hand, and struck you and your people with pestilence, and you would have been cut off from the earth;

16but indeed for this cause I have made you stand: to show you my power, and that my name may be declared throughout all the earth;

17as you still exalt yourself against my people, that you won’t let them go.

18Behold, tomorrow about this time I will cause it to rain a very grievous hail, such as has not been in Egypt since the day it was founded even until now.

19Now therefore command that all of your livestock and all that you have in the field be brought into shelter. Every man and animal that is found in the field, and isn’t brought home, the hail shall come down on them, and they shall die.”’”

20Those who feared Yahweh’s word among the servants of Pharaoh made their servants and their livestock flee into the houses.

21Whoever didn’t respect Yahweh’s word left his servants and his livestock in the field.

22Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand toward the sky, that there may be hail in all the land of Egypt, on man, and on animal, and on every herb of the field, throughout the land of Egypt.”

23Moses stretched out his rod toward the heavens, and Yahweh sent thunder, hail, and lightning flashed down to the earth. Yahweh rained hail on the land of Egypt.

24So there was very severe hail, and lightning mixed with the hail, such as had not been in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.

25The hail struck throughout all the land of Egypt all that was in the field, both man and animal; and the hail struck every herb of the field, and broke every tree of the field.

26Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, there was no hail.

27Pharaoh sent, and called for Moses and Aaron, and said to them, “I have sinned this time. Yahweh is righteous, and I and my people are wicked.

28Pray to Yahweh; for there has been enough of mighty thunderings and hail. I will let you go, and you shall stay no longer.”

29Moses said to him, “As soon as I have gone out of the city, I will spread abroad my hands to Yahweh. The thunders shall cease, and there will not be any more hail; that you may know that the earth is Yahweh’s.

30But as for you and your servants, I know that you don’t yet fear Yahweh God.”

31The flax and the barley were struck, for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was in bloom.

32But the wheat and the spelt were not struck, for they had not grown up.

33Moses went out of the city from Pharaoh, and spread abroad his hands to Yahweh; and the thunders and hail ceased, and the rain was not poured on the earth.

34When Pharaoh saw that the rain and the hail and the thunders had ceased, he sinned yet more, and hardened his heart, he and his servants.

35The heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he didn’t let the children of Israel go, just as Yahweh had spoken through Moses.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

God strikes Egypt's livestock with a fatal disease while sparing Israel's animals entirely, yet Pharaoh's heart remains hard (vv. 1-7). Moses then throws ashes into the air, producing painful boils on people and animals throughout Egypt, even afflicting the magicians themselves (vv. 8-12). Finally God sends the most devastating plague yet, a hailstorm mixed with fire that destroys crops, livestock, and people left in the open, sparing only Goshen; Pharaoh admits his sin and asks Moses to pray, but once the storm stops he and his officials harden their hearts again (vv. 13-35).

Authorship & Background

Author: Moses (see Chapter 1 notes for full authorship details).
Historical Context: Chapter 9 records plagues five through seven: livestock disease (murrain), boils, and hail. The plagues intensify dramatically — moving from discomfort to destruction. Key developments: (1) The magicians are personally afflicted and cannot even stand (v.11); (2) God explicitly states His purpose: "that my name may be declared throughout all the earth" (v.16) — quoted by Paul in Romans 9:17; (3) God offers mercy within judgment — warning Egyptians to shelter their livestock before the hail (vv.19-21); (4) Pharaoh makes his most dramatic confession yet: "I have sinned... the LORD is righteous, and I and my people are wicked" (v.27) — yet still hardens when relief comes.
Classification: Historical Narrative — Plague Cycle
Key Themes: Livestock, boils and hail escalating from property to persons, Egypt's own magicians struck, a warning issued before the hail so that some could shelter, and a confession withdrawn as soon as the rain stopped
Fifth Plague: Livestock Disease (vv.1-7): God warns: "the hand of the LORD is upon thy cattle" (v.3). A "very grievous murrain" (pestilence) strikes horses, donkeys, camels, oxen, and sheep (v.3). God severs between Israel's cattle and Egypt's (v.4). "All the cattle of Egypt died: but of the cattle of the children of Israel died not one" (v.6). Pharaoh investigates — confirms Israel is untouched — yet hardens his heart (v.7). Targets: Hathor (cow goddess), Apis (bull god).
Sixth Plague: Boils (vv.8-12): No warning — God strikes directly. Moses sprinkles furnace ashes toward heaven — boils break out on man and beast (vv.8-10). "The magicians could not stand before Moses because of the boils" (v.11) — they are personally defeated, unable even to appear. "The LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh" (v.12) — first time God actively hardens (previously Pharaoh hardened himself). Targets: Isis (goddess of medicine), Thoth (god of healing).
Seventh Plague: Hail (vv.13-35): God's longest warning speech. Purpose: "that thou mayest know that there is none like me in all the earth" (v.14). "For this cause have I raised thee up, for to shew in thee my power" (v.16). God offers mercy: "gather thy cattle... into the houses" (v.19). Some Egyptians fear God's word and shelter their animals (v.20); others do not (v.21). Hail with fire — unprecedented destruction (vv.23-25). Goshen protected (v.26). Pharaoh confesses: "I have sinned... the LORD is righteous" (v.27). Moses prays; hail stops (v.33). Pharaoh "sinned yet more, and hardened his heart" (v.34). Targets: Nut (sky goddess), Set (storm god).

Map & Geography

  • Egypt: Plagues 5-7 (pestilence, boils, hail) fall on Egypt; Israel in Goshen is spared.
  • Goshen (v.26): "Only in the land of Goshen, where the children of Israel were, was there no hail." Geographic distinction shows God's covenant protection.

Places on this map

  • EgyptEgyptA ribbon of irrigated land along the Nile, ending in the Delta where Israel settled in Goshen. Rain-fed Canaan depended on weather; Egypt depended on a river that flooded on schedule, which made it the place everyone went when the harvest failed. Wikipedia
  • Gosheneastern Nile Delta, EgyptThe eastern Delta, well watered grazing country on the edge of Egypt rather than in its heart, which is exactly why shepherds were settled there and could stay distinct. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik covers the escalation of plagues, God's stated purpose in raising up Pharaoh, the mercy shown in warning before the hail, and the distinction between true and false repentance.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Exodus 9 Summary: A Concise Overview in 5 Minutes
2BeLikeChrist

Exodus 8-10 - I AM God Alone, Part 2
David Guzik

Exodus 7-10 | The Plagues | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Articles

  • BibleProject: bibleproject.com On the whole book: the shape of the rescue from Egypt and where the story is going.
  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Exodus -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • A God Who Distinguishes His Own (v.4) — God specifically protects Israel's livestock while Egypt's dies all around them, drawing a clear line between the two. Do you trust that God sees and protects what belongs to Him, even in the middle of widespread judgment or difficulty?
  • Counterfeit Power Finally Collapses (v.11) — The magicians who once matched God's signs are now so afflicted they can't even stand before Moses. Every false source of power eventually reaches its limit. What are you trusting that has an expiration date built into it?
  • Raised Up for a Purpose (v.16) — God tells Pharaoh plainly that he was raised to his position so God's power and name would be declared throughout the earth. Can you see how God might be using even your hardest circumstances to make Himself known through you?
  • Heeding the Warning Before Judgment (v.20) — Some Egyptians take God's warning seriously and shelter their livestock, while others ignore it and suffer loss. When God warns you through Scripture, conscience, or others, do you actually listen and act?
  • Words of Repentance Without Lasting Change (v.27) — Pharaoh says all the right things about his sin and God's righteousness, yet reverts the moment the pressure lifts. Is your own repentance producing real change, or does it fade as soon as circumstances improve?