Exodus — Chapter 4

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1Then Moses answered, “What if they do not believe me or listen to my voice? For they may say, ‘The LORD has not appeared to you.’”

2And the LORD asked him, “What is that in your hand?” “A staff,” he replied.

3“Throw it on the ground,” said the LORD. So Moses threw it on the ground, and it became a snake, and he ran from it.

4“Stretch out your hand and grab it by the tail,” the LORD said to Moses, who reached out his hand and caught the snake, and it turned back into a staff in his hand.

5“This is so that they may believe that the LORD, the God of their fathers—the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob—has appeared to you.”

6Furthermore, the LORD said to Moses, “Put your hand inside your cloak.” So he put his hand inside his cloak, and when he took it out, his hand was leprous, white as snow.

7“Put your hand back inside your cloak,” said the LORD. So Moses put his hand back inside his cloak, and when he took it out, it was restored, like the rest of his skin.

8And the LORD said, “If they refuse to believe you or heed the witness of the first sign, they may believe that of the second.

9But if they do not believe even these two signs or listen to your voice, take some water from the Nile and pour it on the dry ground. Then the water you take from the Nile will become blood on the ground.”

10“Please, Lord,” Moses replied, “I have never been eloquent, neither in the past nor since You have spoken to Your servant, for I am slow of speech and tongue.”

11And the LORD said to him, “Who gave man his mouth? Or who makes the mute or the deaf, the sighted or the blind? Is it not I, the LORD?

12Now go! I will help you as you speak, and I will teach you what to say.”

13But Moses replied, “Please, Lord, send someone else.”

14Then the anger of the LORD burned against Moses, and He said, “Is not Aaron the Levite your brother? I know that he can speak well, and he is now on his way to meet you. When he sees you, he will be glad in his heart.

15You are to speak to him and put the words in his mouth. I will help both of you to speak, and I will teach you what to do.

16He will speak to the people for you. He will be your spokesman, and it will be as if you were God to him.

17But take this staff in your hand so you can perform signs with it.”

18Then Moses went back to his father-in-law Jethro and said to him, “Please let me return to my brothers in Egypt to see if they are still alive.” “Go in peace,” Jethro replied.

19Now the LORD had said to Moses in Midian, “Go back to Egypt, for all the men who sought to kill you are dead.”

20So Moses took his wife and sons, put them on a donkey, and headed back to Egypt. And he took the staff of God in his hand.

21The LORD instructed Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, see that you perform before Pharaoh all the wonders that I have put within your power. But I will harden his heart so that he will not let the people go.

22Then tell Pharaoh that this is what the LORD says: ‘Israel is My firstborn son,

23and I told you to let My son go so that he may worship Me. But since you have refused to let him go, behold, I will kill your firstborn son!’”

24Now at a lodging place along the way, the LORD met Moses and was about to kill him.

25But Zipporah took a flint knife, cut off her son’s foreskin, and touched it to Moses’ feet. “Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me,” she said.

26So the LORD let him alone. (When she said, “bridegroom of blood,” she was referring to the circumcision.)

27Meanwhile, the LORD had said to Aaron, “Go and meet Moses in the wilderness.” So he went and met Moses at the mountain of God and kissed him.

28And Moses told Aaron everything the LORD had sent him to say, and all the signs He had commanded him to perform.

29Then Moses and Aaron went and assembled all the elders of the Israelites,

30and Aaron relayed everything the LORD had said to Moses. And Moses performed the signs before the people,

31and they believed. And when they heard that the LORD had attended to the Israelites and had seen their affliction, they bowed down and worshiped.

1And Moses answered and said, But, behold, they will not believe me, nor hearken unto my voice: for they will say, The LORD hath not appeared unto thee.

2And the LORD said unto him, What is that in thine hand? And he said, A rod.

3And he said, Cast it on the ground. And he cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent; and Moses fled from before it.

4And the LORD said unto Moses, Put forth thine hand, and take it by the tail. And he put forth his hand, and caught it, and it became a rod in his hand:

5That they may believe that the LORD God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath appeared unto thee.

6And the LORD said furthermore unto him, Put now thine hand into thy bosom. And he put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous as snow.

7And he said, Put thine hand into thy bosom again. And he put his hand into his bosom again; and plucked it out of his bosom, and, behold, it was turned again as his other flesh.

8And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign.

9And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe also these two signs, neither hearken unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the water of the river, and pour it upon the dry land: and the water which thou takest out of the river shall become blood upon the dry land.

10And Moses said unto the LORD, O my Lord, I am not eloquent, neither heretofore, nor since thou hast spoken unto thy servant: but I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue.

11And the LORD said unto him, Who hath made man’s mouth? or who maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? have not I the LORD?

12Now therefore go, and I will be with thy mouth, and teach thee what thou shalt say.

13And he said, O my Lord, send, I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send.

14And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is not Aaron the Levite thy brother? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart.

15And thou shalt speak unto him, and put words in his mouth: and I will be with thy mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you what ye shall do.

16And he shall be thy spokesman unto the people: and he shall be, even he shall be to thee instead of a mouth, and thou shalt be to him instead of God.

17And thou shalt take this rod in thine hand, wherewith thou shalt do signs.

18And Moses went and returned to Jethro his father in law, and said unto him, Let me go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren which are in Egypt, and see whether they be yet alive. And Jethro said to Moses, Go in peace.

19And the LORD said unto Moses in Midian, Go, return into Egypt: for all the men are dead which sought thy life.

20And Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them upon an ass, and he returned to the land of Egypt: and Moses took the rod of God in his hand.

21And the LORD said unto Moses, When thou goest to return into Egypt, see that thou do all those wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in thine hand: but I will harden his heart, that he shall not let the people go.

22And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, Thus saith the LORD, Israel is my son, even my firstborn:

23And I say unto thee, Let my son go, that he may serve me: and if thou refuse to let him go, behold, I will slay thy son, even thy firstborn.

24And it came to pass by the way in the inn, that the LORD met him, and sought to kill him.

25Then Zipporah took a sharp stone, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet, and said, Surely a bloody husband art thou to me.

26So he let him go: then she said, A bloody husband thou art, because of the circumcision.

27And the LORD said to Aaron, Go into the wilderness to meet Moses. And he went, and met him in the mount of God, and kissed him.

28And Moses told Aaron all the words of the LORD who had sent him, and all the signs which he had commanded him.

29And Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the children of Israel:

30And Aaron spake all the words which the LORD had spoken unto Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the people.

31And the people believed: and when they heard that the LORD had visited the children of Israel, and that he had looked upon their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped.

1And Moses answered and said, But, behold, they will not believe me, nor hearken unto my voice; for they will say, Jehovah hath not appeared unto thee.

2And Jehovah said unto him, What is that in thy hand? And he said, A rod.

3And he said, Cast in on the ground. And he cast it on the ground, and it became a serpent; and Moses fled from before it.

4And Jehovah said unto Moses, Put forth thy hand, and take it by the tail: (and he put forth his hand, and laid hold of it, and it became a rod in his hand:)

5That they may believe that Jehovah, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, hath appeared unto thee.

6And Jehovah said furthermore unto him, Put now thy hand into thy bosom. And he put his hand into his bosom: and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous, as [white as] snow.

7And he said, Put thy hand into thy bosom again. (And he put his hand into his bosom again; and when he took it out of his bosom, behold, it was turned again as his [other] flesh.)

8And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe thee, neither hearken to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign.

9And it shall come to pass, if they will not believe even these two signs, neither hearken unto thy voice, that thou shalt take of the water of the river, and pour it upon the dry land: and the water which thou takest out of the river shall become blood upon the dry land.

10And Moses said unto Jehovah, Oh, Lord, I am not eloquent, neither heretofore, nor since thou hast spoken unto thy servant; for I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue.

11And Jehovah said unto him, Who hath made man`s mouth? Or who maketh [a man] dumb, or deaf, or seeing, or blind? Is it not I, Jehovah?

12Now therefore go, and I will be with thy mouth, and teach thee what thou shalt speak.

13And he said, Oh, Lord, send, I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send.

14And the anger of Jehovah was kindled against Moses, and he said, Is there not Aaron thy brother the Levite? I know that he can speak well. And also, behold, he cometh forth to meet thee: and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart.

15And thou shalt speak unto him, and put the words in his mouth: and I will be with thy mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you what ye shall do.

16And he shall be thy spokesman unto the people; and it shall come to pass, that he shall be to thee a mouth, and thou shalt be to him as God.

17And thou shalt take in thy hand this rod, wherewith thou shalt do the signs.

18And Moses went and returned to Jethro his father-in-law, and said unto him, Let me go, I pray thee, and return unto my brethren that are in Egypt, and see whether they be yet alive. And Jethro said to Moses, Go in peace.

19And Jehovah said unto Moses in Midian, Go, return into Egypt; for all the men are dead that sought thy life.

20And Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them upon an ass, and he returned to the land of Egypt: and Moses took the rod of God in his hand.

21And Jehovah said unto Moses, When thou goest back into Egypt, see that thou do before Pharaoh all the wonders which I have put in thy hand: but I will harden his heart and he will not let the people go.

22And thou shalt say unto Pharaoh, Thus saith Jehovah, Israel is my son, my first-born:

23and I have said unto thee, Let my son go, that he may serve me; and thou hast refused to let him go: behold, I will slay thy son, thy first-born.

24And it came to pass on the way at the lodging-place, that Jehovah met him, and sought to kill him.

25Then Zipporah took a flint, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet; and she said, Surely a bridegroom of blood art thou to me.

26So he let him alone. Then she said, A bridegroom of blood [art thou], because of the circumcision.

27And Jehovah said to Aaron, Go into the wilderness to meet Moses. And he went, and met him in the mountain of God, and kissed him.

28And Moses told Aaron all the words of Jehovah wherewith he had sent him, and all the signs wherewith he had charged him.

29And Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the children of Israel:

30and Aaron spake all the words which Jehovah had spoken unto Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the people.

31And the people believed: and when they heard that Jehovah had visited the children of Israel, and that he had seen their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshipped.

1Moses answered again, “And if they do not believe me or pay attention to me, but say, ‘The Lord has not appeared to you’?”

2The Lord said to him, “What is that in your hand?” He said, “A staff.”

3The Lord said, “Throw it to the ground.” So he threw it to the ground, and it became a snake, and Moses ran from it.

4But the Lord said to Moses, “Put out your hand and grab it by the tail”—so he put out his hand and caught it, and it became a staff in his hand—

5“that they may believe that the Lord, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has appeared to you.”

6The Lord also said to him, “Put your hand into your robe.” So he put his hand into his robe, and when he brought it out—there was his hand, leprous like snow!

7He said, “Put your hand back into your robe.” So he put his hand back into his robe, and when he brought it out from his robe—there it was, restored like the rest of his skin!

8“If they do not believe you or pay attention to the former sign, then they may believe the latter sign.

9And if they do not believe even these two signs or listen to you, then take some water from the Nile and pour it out on the dry ground. The water you take out of the Nile will become blood on the dry ground.”

10Then Moses said to the Lord, “O my Lord, I am not an eloquent man, neither in the past nor since you have spoken to your servant, for I am slow of speech and slow of tongue.”

11The Lord said to him, “Who gave a mouth to man, or who makes a person mute or deaf or seeing or blind? Is it not I, the Lord?

12So now go, and I will be with your mouth and will teach you what you must say.”

13But Moses said, “O my Lord, please send anyone else whom you wish to send!”

14Then the Lord became angry with Moses, and he said, “What about your brother Aaron the Levite? I know that he can speak very well. Moreover, he is coming to meet you, and when he sees you he will be glad in his heart.

15“So you are to speak to him and put the words in his mouth. And as for me, I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and I will teach you both what you must do.

16He will speak for you to the people, and it will be as if he were your mouth and as if you were his God.

17You will also take in your hand this staff, with which you will do the signs.”

18So Moses went back to his father-in-law Jethro and said to him, “Let me go, so that I may return to my relatives in Egypt and see if they are still alive.” Jethro said to Moses, “Go in peace.”

19The Lord said to Moses in Midian, “Go back to Egypt, because all the men who were seeking your life are dead.”

20Then Moses took his wife and sons and put them on a donkey and headed back to the land of Egypt, and Moses took the staff of God in his hand.

21The Lord said to Moses, “When you go back to Egypt, see that you do before Pharaoh all the wonders I have put under your control. But I will harden his heart and he will not let the people go.

22You must say to Pharaoh, ‘This is what the Lord has said, “Israel is my son, my firstborn,

23and I said to you, ‘Let my son go that he may serve me,’ but since you have refused to let him go, I will surely kill your son, your firstborn!”’”

24Now on the way, at a place where they stopped for the night, the Lord met Moses and sought to kill him.

25But Zipporah took a flint knife, cut off the foreskin of her son and touched it to Moses’ feet, and said, “Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me.”

26So the Lord let him alone. (At that time she said, “A bridegroom of blood,” referring to the circumcision.)

27The Lord said to Aaron, “Go to the wilderness to meet Moses. So he went and met him at the mountain of God and greeted him with a kiss.

28Moses told Aaron all the words of the Lord who had sent him and all the signs that he had commanded him.

29Then Moses and Aaron went and brought together all the Israelite elders.

30Aaron spoke all the words that the Lord had spoken to Moses and did the signs in the sight of the people,

31and the people believed. When they heard that the Lord had attended to the Israelites and that he had seen their affliction, they bowed down close to the ground.

1Moses answered, “But, behold, they will not believe me, nor listen to my voice; for they will say, ‘Yahweh has not appeared to you.’”

2Yahweh said to him, “What is that in your hand?” He said, “A rod.”

3He said, “Throw it on the ground.” He threw it on the ground, and it became a snake; and Moses ran away from it.

4Yahweh said to Moses, “Stretch out your hand, and take it by the tail.” He stretched out his hand, and took hold of it, and it became a rod in his hand.

5“That they may believe that Yahweh, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has appeared to you.”

6Yahweh said furthermore to him, “Now put your hand inside your cloak.” He put his hand inside his cloak, and when he took it out, behold, his hand was leprous, as white as snow.

7He said, “Put your hand inside your cloak again.” He put his hand inside his cloak again, and when he took it out of his cloak, behold, it had turned again as his other flesh.

8“It will happen, if they will not believe you or listen to the voice of the first sign, that they will believe the voice of the latter sign.

9It will happen, if they will not believe even these two signs or listen to your voice, that you shall take of the water of the river, and pour it on the dry land. The water which you take out of the river will become blood on the dry land.”

10Moses said to Yahweh, “O Lord, I am not eloquent, neither before now, nor since you have spoken to your servant; for I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue.”

11Yahweh said to him, “Who made man’s mouth? Or who makes one mute, or deaf, or seeing, or blind? Isn’t it I, Yahweh?

12Now therefore go, and I will be with your mouth, and teach you what you shall speak.”

13He said, “Oh, Lord, please send someone else.”

14Yahweh’s anger burned against Moses, and he said, “What about Aaron, your brother, the Levite? I know that he can speak well. Also, behold, he comes out to meet you. When he sees you, he will be glad in his heart.

15You shall speak to him, and put the words in his mouth. I will be with your mouth, and with his mouth, and will teach you what you shall do.

16He will be your spokesman to the people; and it will happen, that he will be to you a mouth, and you will be to him as God.

17You shall take this rod in your hand, with which you shall do the signs.”

18Moses went and returned to Jethro his father-in-law, and said to him, “Please let me go and return to my brothers who are in Egypt, and see whether they are still alive.” Jethro said to Moses, “Go in peace.”

19Yahweh said to Moses in Midian, “Go, return into Egypt; for all the men who sought your life are dead.”

20Moses took his wife and his sons, and set them on a donkey, and he returned to the land of Egypt. Moses took God’s rod in his hand.

21Yahweh said to Moses, “When you go back into Egypt, see that you do before Pharaoh all the wonders which I have put in your hand, but I will harden his heart and he will not let the people go.

22You shall tell Pharaoh, ‘Yahweh says, Israel is my son, my firstborn,

23and I have said to you, “Let my son go, that he may serve me”; and you have refused to let him go. Behold, I will kill your son, your firstborn.’”

24On the way at a lodging place, Yahweh met Moses and wanted to kill him.

25Then Zipporah took a flint, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet; and she said, “Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me.”

26So he let him alone. Then she said, “You are a bridegroom of blood,” because of the circumcision.

27Yahweh said to Aaron, “Go into the wilderness to meet Moses.” He went, and met him on God’s mountain, and kissed him.

28Moses told Aaron all Yahweh’s words with which he had sent him, and all the signs with which he had instructed him.

29Moses and Aaron went and gathered together all the elders of the children of Israel.

30Aaron spoke all the words which Yahweh had spoken to Moses, and did the signs in the sight of the people.

31The people believed, and when they heard that Yahweh had visited the children of Israel, and that he had seen their affliction, then they bowed their heads and worshiped.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

God gives Moses three miraculous signs to prove his calling — a staff that becomes a serpent, a hand that turns leprous and is healed, and water that becomes blood — but when Moses still protests that he is not eloquent, God grows angry and appoints his brother Aaron as his spokesman (vv. 1-17). Moses receives Jethro's blessing to return to Egypt, and God warns him that He will harden Pharaoh's heart and that Moses is to tell Pharaoh that Israel is God's firstborn son (vv. 18-23). On the way, in a strange and abrupt episode, the LORD seeks to kill Moses, and Zipporah saves him by circumcising their son (vv. 24-26). Aaron meets Moses in the wilderness, and together they gather Israel's elders, perform the signs before the people, and the Israelites believe and bow in worship (vv. 27-31).

Authorship & Background

Author: Moses (see Chapter 1 notes for full authorship details).
Historical Context: Chapter 4 continues Moses' dialogue with God at the burning bush. Moses raises four more objections (adding to "Who am I?" from 3:11): "They will not believe me" (v.1), "I am not eloquent" (v.10), and finally the bare refusal: "Send someone else" (v.13). God answers each objection with provision — signs, Aaron as spokesman — but His anger burns at Moses' final resistance. The chapter also contains the mysterious "bridegroom of blood" incident (vv.24-26), God's declaration of Israel as His firstborn son (v.22), and the first mention of God hardening Pharaoh's heart (v.21). Moses finally obeys, meets Aaron, and the elders of Israel believe and worship.
Classification: Historical Narrative
Key Themes: three signs matched to three objections, a rod, a hand and river water, a question about who made the mouth thrown back at a man who says he cannot speak, an anger kindled only after the plain request to send someone else, a firstborn son named as Israel's identity before a single plague has fallen on Egypt's own firstborn, and a night attack turned back only when a wife performs the circumcision her husband had neglected
Moses' Objections and God's Signs (vv.1-9): Objection: "They will not believe me" (v.1). God gives three signs: (1) The rod becomes a serpent and back (vv.2-5); (2) Moses' hand becomes leprous then healed (vv.6-7); (3) Water from the Nile becomes blood (v.9). Each sign demonstrates God's power over nature, disease, and Egypt's gods.
Moses' Speech Objection (vv.10-12): "I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue" (v.10). God's answer: "Who hath made man's mouth?... have not I the LORD?" (v.11). "I will be with thy mouth" (v.12). The Creator of the mouth can certainly empower it.
Moses' Final Refusal (vv.13-17): "Send, I pray thee, by the hand of him whom thou wilt send" — send anyone but me (v.13). God's anger kindles (v.14). He appoints Aaron as Moses' spokesman (vv.14-16). Moses will be "instead of God" to Aaron; Aaron will be Moses' "mouth" (v.16). Moses takes "the rod of God" (v.17).
The Journey to Egypt (vv.18-23): Moses departs Midian (v.18). God tells him those who sought his life are dead (v.19). God warns: "I will harden his heart" (v.21). God declares: "Israel is my son, even my firstborn" (v.22) — and warns Pharaoh: refuse, and "I will slay thy son, even thy firstborn" (v.23). The tenth plague is announced before the first.
The Bridegroom of Blood (vv.24-26): A mysterious, terrifying incident. God "sought to kill" Moses (v.24). Zipporah circumcises their son and touches Moses' feet with the foreskin: "A bloody husband art thou to me" (v.25). God relents (v.26). Moses had neglected circumcision — the sign of the covenant he was sent to uphold.
Reunion and Belief (vv.27-31): God sends Aaron to meet Moses (v.27). Moses tells Aaron everything (v.28). They gather the elders, perform the signs (vv.29-30). "The people believed... they bowed their heads and worshipped" (v.31).

Map & Geography

  • Horeb/Sinai: Moses is still at the mountain of God, continuing the burning bush dialogue from chapter 3.
  • Midian (v.18): Moses returns to Jethro before departing for Egypt.
  • Egypt (v.19-20): Moses takes his family and journeys back to Egypt, the land he fled 40 years earlier.

Places on this map

  • Mount SinaiJebel Musa, Sinai Peninsula, EgyptTraditionally Jebel Musa in the granite mountains of the southern Sinai peninsula, about 7,500 feet high. The identification dates from Christian monastic tradition rather than from the text, and other candidates have been proposed, but this has been the pilgrimage site since the fourth century. Wikipedia
  • Midiannorth-western Saudi ArabiaDesert and oasis country east of the Gulf of Aqaba, home to camel caravanning herdsmen rather than to cities. Moses spent forty years here as a shepherd, which is how a man raised in an Egyptian palace learned to cross a wilderness. Wikipedia
  • EgyptEgyptA ribbon of irrigated land along the Nile, ending in the Delta where Israel settled in Goshen. Rain-fed Canaan depended on weather; Egypt depended on a river that flooded on schedule, which made it the place everyone went when the harvest failed. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik covers Moses' escalating objections, God's patient provision of signs, the significance of "Israel is my firstborn," and the difficult "bridegroom of blood" passage.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Hard Hearts Made Soft - Exodus 4:21
David Guzik

But Did You Go? - Exodus 4:18
David Guzik

Willing And Able - Exodus 4:12-14
David Guzik

Three Signs - Exodus 4:8-9
David Guzik

Using What Is At Hand - Exodus 4:2
David Guzik

Why was God going to kill Moses in Exodus 4:24-26? | GotQuestions.org
Got Questions Ministries

Exodus 4 - I AM Your Calling
David Guzik

Articles

  • BibleProject: bibleproject.com On the whole book: the shape of the rescue from Egypt and where the story is going.
  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Exodus -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • What's Already in Your Hand (v.2) — God doesn't ask Moses for something he doesn't have; He asks about the ordinary shepherd's staff already in his grip and turns it into an instrument of power. What ordinary thing has God placed in your hands that He wants to use?
  • The God Who Made the Mouth (v.11) — When Moses objects that he isn't eloquent, God reminds him that He is the one who made mouths in the first place. What weakness are you using as an excuse instead of trusting the God who designed you?
  • The Cost of Refusing the Call (vv.13-14) — Moses finally just asks God to send someone else, and God's anger burns even as He still provides a way forward through Aaron. Have you ever said no to something God was clearly calling you toward, and what did it cost you?
  • Confronted Over Neglected Obedience (vv.24-26) — On his way to lead God's covenant people, Moses is confronted for having neglected circumcision, the very sign of that covenant in his own family. Is there an area of obedience you've been putting off while trying to serve God in other, more visible ways?
  • Belief Follows God's Compassion (v.31) — When the people hear that God has taken note of their affliction, they respond not with more explanation but with worship. Does knowing God sees your suffering move you toward worship rather than despair?