Ezekiel — Chapter 28

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1And the word of the LORD came to me, saying,

2“Son of man, tell the ruler of Tyre that this is what the Lord GOD says: Your heart is proud, and you have said, ‘I am a god; I sit in the seat of gods in the heart of the sea.’ Yet you are a man and not a god, though you have regarded your heart as that of a god.

3Behold, you are wiser than Daniel; no secret is hidden from you!

4By your wisdom and understanding you have gained your wealth and amassed gold and silver for your treasuries.

5By your great skill in trading you have increased your wealth, but your heart has grown proud because of it.

6Therefore this is what the Lord GOD says: Because you regard your heart as the heart of a god,

7behold, I will bring foreigners against you, the most ruthless of nations. They will draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom and will defile your splendor.

8They will bring you down to the Pit, and you will die a violent death in the heart of the seas.

9Will you still say, ‘I am a god,’ in the presence of those who slay you? You will be only a man, not a god, in the hands of those who wound you.

10You will die the death of the uncircumcised at the hands of foreigners. For I have spoken, declares the Lord GOD.”

11Again the word of the LORD came to me, saying,

12“Son of man, take up a lament for the king of Tyre and tell him that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘You were the seal of perfection, full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.

13You were in Eden, the garden of God. Every kind of precious stone adorned you: ruby, topaz, and diamond, beryl, onyx, and jasper, sapphire, turquoise, and emerald. Your mountings and settings were crafted in gold, prepared on the day of your creation.

14You were anointed as a guardian cherub, for I had ordained you. You were on the holy mountain of God; you walked among the fiery stones.

15From the day you were created you were blameless in your ways—until wickedness was found in you.

16By the vastness of your trade, you were filled with violence, and you sinned. So I drove you in disgrace from the mountain of God, and I banished you, O guardian cherub, from among the fiery stones.

17Your heart grew proud of your beauty; you corrupted your wisdom because of your splendor; so I cast you to the earth; I made you a spectacle before kings.

18By the multitude of your iniquities and the dishonesty of your trading you have profaned your sanctuaries. So I made fire come from within you, and it consumed you. I reduced you to ashes on the ground in the eyes of all who saw you.

19All the nations who know you are appalled over you. You have come to a horrible end and will be no more.’”

20Then the word of the LORD came to me, saying,

21“Son of man, set your face against Sidon and prophesy against her.

22And you are to declare that this is what the Lord GOD says: ‘Behold, I am against you, O Sidon, and I will be glorified within you. They will know that I am the LORD when I execute judgments against her and demonstrate My holiness through her.

23I will send a plague against her and shed blood in her streets; the slain will fall within her, while the sword is against her on every side. Then they will know that I am the LORD.

24For the people of Israel will no longer face a pricking brier or a painful thorn from all around them who treat them with contempt. Then they will know that I am the Lord GOD.’

25This is what the Lord GOD says: ‘When I gather the house of Israel from the peoples among whom they have been scattered, I will show Myself holy among them in the sight of the nations. Then they will dwell in their own land, which I have given to My servant Jacob.

26And there they will dwell securely, build houses, and plant vineyards. They will dwell securely when I execute judgments against all those around them who treat them with contempt. Then they will know that I am the LORD their God.’”

1The word of the LORD came again unto me, saying,

2Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyrus, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art a man, and not God, though thou set thine heart as the heart of God:

3Behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that they can hide from thee:

4With thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures:

5By thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches, and thine heart is lifted up because of thy riches:

6Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD; Because thou hast set thine heart as the heart of God;

7Behold, therefore I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations: and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness.

8They shall bring thee down to the pit, and thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the midst of the seas.

9Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou shalt be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee.

10Thou shalt die the deaths of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord GOD.

11Moreover the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

12Son of man, take up a lamentation upon the king of Tyrus, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.

13Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was prepared in thee in the day that thou wast created.

14Thou art the anointed cherub that covereth; and I have set thee so: thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.

15Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee.

16By the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore I will cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God: and I will destroy thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.

17Thine heart was lifted up because of thy beauty, thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I will cast thee to the ground, I will lay thee before kings, that they may behold thee.

18Thou hast defiled thy sanctuaries by the multitude of thine iniquities, by the iniquity of thy traffick; therefore will I bring forth a fire from the midst of thee, it shall devour thee, and I will bring thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.

19All they that know thee among the people shall be astonished at thee: thou shalt be a terror, and never shalt thou be any more.

20Again the word of the LORD came unto me, saying,

21Son of man, set thy face against Zidon, and prophesy against it,

22And say, Thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I am against thee, O Zidon; and I will be glorified in the midst of thee: and they shall know that I am the LORD, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be sanctified in her.

23For I will send into her pestilence, and blood into her street; and the wounded shall be judged in the midst of her by the sword upon her on every side; and they shall know that I am the LORD.

24And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all that are round about them, that despised them; and they shall know that I am the Lord GOD.

25Thus saith the Lord GOD; When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the people among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the heathen, then shall they dwell in their land that I have given to my servant Jacob.

26And they shall dwell safely therein, and shall build houses, and plant vineyards; yea, they shall dwell with confidence, when I have executed judgments upon all those that despise them round about them; and they shall know that I am the LORD their God.

1The word of Jehovah came again unto me, saying,

2Son of man, say unto the prince of Tyre, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Because thy heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a god, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas; yet thou art man, and not God, though thou didst set thy heart as the heart of God;-

3behold, thou art wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that is hidden from thee;

4by thy wisdom and by thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, and hast gotten gold and silver into thy treasures;

5by thy great wisdom [and] by thy traffic hast thou increased thy riches, and thy heart is lifted up because of thy riches;-

6therefore thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Because thou hast set thy heart as the heart of God,

7therefore, behold, I will bring strangers upon thee, the terrible of the nations; and they shall draw their swords against the beauty of thy wisdom, and they shall defile thy brightness.

8They shall bring thee down to the pit; and thou shalt die the death of them that are slain, in the heart of the seas.

9Wilt thou yet say before him that slayeth thee, I am God? but thou art man, and not God, in the hand of him that woundeth thee.

10Thou shalt die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers: for I have spoken it, saith the Lord Jehovah.

11Moreover the word of Jehovah came unto me, saying,

12Son of man, take up a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and say unto him, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Thou sealest up the sum, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.

13Thou wast in Eden, the garden of God; every precious stone was thy covering, the sardius, the topaz, and the diamond, the beryl, the onyx, and the jasper, the sapphire, the emerald, and the carbuncle, and gold: the workmanship of thy tabrets and of thy pipes was in thee; in the day that thou wast created they were prepared.

14Thou wast the anointed cherub that covereth: and I set thee, [so that] thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou hast walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.

15Thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till unrighteousness was found in thee.

16By the abundance of thy traffic they filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast sinned: therefore have I cast thee as profane out of the mountain of God; and I have destroyed thee, O covering cherub, from the midst of the stones of fire.

17Thy heart was lifted up because of thy beauty; thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness: I have cast thee to the ground; I have laid thee before kings, that they may behold thee.

18By the multitude of thine iniquities, in the unrighteousness of thy traffic, thou hast profaned thy sanctuaries; therefore have I brought forth a fire from the midst of thee; it hath devoured thee, and I have turned thee to ashes upon the earth in the sight of all them that behold thee.

19All they that know thee among the peoples shall be astonished at thee: thou art become a terror, and thou shalt nevermore have any being.

20And the word of Jehovah came unto me, saying,

21Son of man, set thy face toward Sidon, and prophesy against it,

22and say, Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: Behold, I am against thee, O Sidon; and I will be glorified in the midst of thee; and they shall know that I am Jehovah, when I shall have executed judgments in her, and shall be sanctified in her.

23For I will send pestilence into her, and blood into her streets; and the wounded shall fall in the midst of her, with the sword upon her on every side; and they shall know that I am Jehovah.

24And there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor a hurting thorn of any that are round about them, that did despite unto them; and they shall know that I am the Lord Jehovah.

25Thus saith the Lord Jehovah: When I shall have gathered the house of Israel from the peoples among whom they are scattered, and shall be sanctified in them in the sight of the nations, then shall they dwell in their own land which I gave to my servant Jacob.

26And they shall dwell securely therein; yea, they shall build houses, and plant vineyards, and shall dwell securely, when I have executed judgments upon all those that do them despite round about them; and they shall know that I am Jehovah their God.

1The Lord’s message came to me:

2“Son of man, say to the prince of Tyre, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: “‘Your heart is proud and you said, “I am a god; I sit in the seat of gods, in the heart of the seas”— yet you are a man and not a god, though you think you are godlike.

3Look, you are wiser than Daniel; no secret is hidden from you.

4By your wisdom and understanding you have gained wealth for yourself; you have amassed gold and silver in your treasuries.

5By your great skill in trade you have increased your wealth, and your heart is proud because of your wealth.

6“‘Therefore this is what the Sovereign Lord says: Because you think you are godlike,

7I am about to bring foreigners against you, the most terrifying of nations. They will draw their swords against the grandeur made by your wisdom, and they will defile your splendor.

8They will bring you down to the Pit, and you will die violently in the heart of the seas.

9Will you still say, “I am a god,” before the one who kills you— though you are a man and not a god— when you are in the power of those who wound you?

10You will die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of foreigners; for I have spoken, declares the Sovereign Lord.’”

11The Lord’s message came to me:

12“Son of man, sing a lament for the king of Tyre, and say to him, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: “‘You were the sealer of perfection, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.

13You were in Eden, the garden of God. Every precious stone was your covering, the ruby, topaz, and emerald, the chrysolite, onyx, and jasper, the sapphire, turquoise, and beryl; your settings and mounts were made of gold. On the day you were created they were prepared.

14I placed you there with an anointed guardian cherub; you were on the holy mountain of God; you walked about amidst fiery stones.

15You were blameless in your behavior from the day you were created, until sin was discovered in you.

16In the abundance of your trade you were filled with violence, and you sinned; so I defiled you and banished you from the mountain of God— the guardian cherub expelled you from the midst of the stones of fire.

17Your heart was proud because of your beauty; you corrupted your wisdom on account of your splendor. I threw you down to the ground; I placed you before kings, that they might see you.

18By the multitude of your iniquities, through the sinfulness of your trade, you desecrated your sanctuaries. So I drew fire out from within you; it consumed you, and I turned you to ashes on the earth before the eyes of all who saw you.

19All who know you among the peoples are shocked at you; you have become terrified and will be no more.’”

20The Lord’s message came to me:

21“Son of man, turn toward Sidon and prophesy against it.

22Say, ‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: “‘Look, I am against you, Sidon, and I will magnify myself in your midst. Then they will know that I am the Lord when I execute judgments on her and reveal my sovereign power in her.

23I will send a plague into the city and bloodshed into its streets; the slain will fall within it, by the sword that attacks it from every side. Then they will know that I am the Lord.

24“‘No longer will Israel suffer from the sharp briers or painful thorns of all who surround and scorn them. Then they will know that I am the Sovereign Lord.

25“‘This is what the Sovereign Lord says: When I regather the house of Israel from the peoples where they are dispersed, I will reveal my sovereign power over them in the sight of the nations, and they will live in their land that I gave to my servant Jacob.

26They will live securely in it; they will build houses and plant vineyards. They will live securely when I execute my judgments on all those who scorn them and surround them. Then they will know that I am the Lord their God.’”

1Yahweh’s word came again to me, saying,

2“Son of man, tell the prince of Tyre, ‘Thus says the Lord Yahweh: “Because your heart is lifted up, and you have said, ‘I am a god, I sit in the seat of God, in the middle of the seas;’ yet you are man, and not God, though you set your heart as the heart of God—

3behold, you are wiser than Daniel; there is no secret that is hidden from you;

4by your wisdom and by your understanding you have gotten yourself riches, and have gotten gold and silver into your treasures;

5by your great wisdom and by your trading you have increased your riches, and your heart is lifted up because of your riches—”

6“‘therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: “Because you have set your heart as the heart of God,

7therefore, behold, I will bring strangers on you, the terrible of the nations. They will draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom. They will defile your brightness.

8They will bring you down to the pit. You will die the death of those who are slain in the heart of the seas.

9Will you yet say before him who kills you, ‘I am God’? But you are man, and not God, in the hand of him who wounds you.

10You will die the death of the uncircumcised by the hand of strangers; for I have spoken it,” says the Lord Yahweh.’”

11Moreover Yahweh’s word came to me, saying,

12“Son of man, take up a lamentation over the king of Tyre, and tell him, ‘Thus says the Lord Yahweh: “You were the seal of full measure, full of wisdom, and perfect in beauty.

13You were in Eden, the garden of God. Every precious stone adorned you: ruby, topaz, emerald, chrysolite, onyx, jasper, sapphire, turquoise, and beryl. Gold work of tambourines and of pipes was in you. They were prepared in the day that you were created.

14You were the anointed cherub who covers. Then I set you up on the holy mountain of God. You have walked up and down in the middle of the stones of fire.

15You were perfect in your ways from the day that you were created, until unrighteousness was found in you.

16By the abundance of your commerce, your insides were filled with violence, and you have sinned. Therefore I have cast you as profane out of God’s mountain. I have destroyed you, covering cherub, from the middle of the stones of fire.

17Your heart was lifted up because of your beauty. You have corrupted your wisdom by reason of your splendor. I have cast you to the ground. I have laid you before kings, that they may see you.

18By the multitude of your iniquities, in the unrighteousness of your commerce, you have profaned your sanctuaries. Therefore I have brought out a fire from the middle of you. It has devoured you. I have turned you to ashes on the earth in the sight of all those who see you.

19All those who know you among the peoples will be astonished at you. You have become a terror, and you will exist no more.”’”

20Yahweh’s word came to me, saying,

21“Son of man, set your face toward Sidon, and prophesy against it,

22and say, ‘Thus says the Lord Yahweh: “Behold, I am against you, Sidon. I will be glorified among you. Then they will know that I am Yahweh, when I have executed judgments in her, and am sanctified in her.

23For I will send pestilence into her, and blood into her streets. The wounded will fall within her, with the sword on her on every side. Then they will know that I am Yahweh.

24“‘“There will be no more a pricking brier to the house of Israel, nor a hurting thorn of any that are around them that scorned them. Then they will know that I am the Lord Yahweh.”

25“‘Thus says the Lord Yahweh: “When I have gathered the house of Israel from the peoples among whom they are scattered, and am sanctified in them in the sight of the nations, then they will dwell in their own land which I gave to my servant Jacob.

26They will dwell in it securely. Yes, they will build houses, plant vineyards, and will dwell securely, when I have executed judgments on all those who scorn them all around. Then they will know that I am Yahweh their God.”’”

Summary
Authorship & Background
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

The oracle against the ruler of Tyre begins by addressing the human prince of Tyre, condemning his pride in claiming to be a god because of his wealth and wisdom (vv. 1-10). It then shifts into a lament over the king of Tyre using language that seems to transcend any human ruler, describing a being who once dwelt in Eden as a guardian cherub, blameless from the day of his creation until sin was found in him, whose heart grew proud because of his beauty and splendor (vv. 11-19). Many interpreters see in this description a picture of Satan's original glory and fall. The chapter concludes with a brief oracle against Sidon and a promise that Israel will be gathered home in security (vv. 20-26).

Authorship & Background

Author: Ezekiel son of Buzi (see Chapter 1 notes for full details).
Classification: Prophetic Oracle / Lament / Satan Typology
Key Themes: The pride of the prince of Tyre, "I am a God," the king of Tyre in Eden, the anointed cherub, perfection corrupted by pride, beauty becoming the cause of the fall, cast from the mountain of God, Satan typology, judgment on Sidon, Israel's restoration promise
Historical Context: The chapter addresses two figures: the "prince" (nagid — v.2) and the "king" (melek — v.12) of Tyre. The first is clearly the human ruler — likely Ethbaal III (also called Ithobaal), who reigned during the Babylonian siege. He is condemned for claiming deity: "I am a God, I sit in the seat of God" (v.2). Ancient Near Eastern kings often claimed divine status; Ethbaal took this to an extreme.
The Prince of Tyre, Who Said I Am a God (vv.1-10): The charge is a quotation, thine heart is lifted up, and thou hast said, I am a God, I sit in the seat of God, in the midst of the seas, and the refutation is immediate and repeated, yet thou art a man, and not God. What produced the claim is named precisely, and it is not military conquest, with thy wisdom and with thine understanding thou hast gotten thee riches, by thy great wisdom and by thy traffick hast thou increased thy riches. Commercial genius is the specific form the pride takes. The reigning king of Tyre in this period was Ithobaal III. The sentence ends with the claim turned into a question at the worst moment for answering it, wilt thou then be a man, and no God, in the hand of him that slayeth thee.
The King of Tyre, and the Anointed Cherub (vv.11-19): A second lament, and its language goes well beyond anything that can be said of a Phoenician monarch. Thou hast been in Eden the garden of God, with nine precious stones named as a covering; thou art the anointed cherub that covereth, and I have set thee so; thou wast upon the holy mountain of God; thou wast perfect in thy ways from the day that thou wast created, till iniquity was found in thee. How much of this is about a king and how much about a being behind him has been argued since the church fathers, and readers from Tertullian onward have taken it as a description of Satan's fall. Others read it as court poetry using the Eden story to describe royal hubris, which is what Isaiah 14 does with the king of Babylon. The text itself supplies both an unearthly vocabulary and an entirely commercial cause, by the multitude of thy merchandise they have filled the midst of thee with violence, and thou hast corrupted thy wisdom by reason of thy brightness.
Sidon (vv.20-23): Four verses for a city that had been Tyre's rival and senior partner by turns, and the disproportion against Tyre's three chapters is itself informative about who mattered commercially. No specific offense is named. What is stated instead is a purpose, and I will be glorified in the midst of thee, with pestilence and blood in her streets as the means, and the usual closing formula, and they shall know that I am the LORD.
No More a Pricking Brier for Israel (vv.24-26): The last three verses explain what the seven foreign oracles were for, and there shall be no more a pricking brier unto the house of Israel, nor any grieving thorn of all that are round about them, that despised them. The phrase is borrowed from Numbers 33:55, where the nations left unremoved in the land were warned of in exactly those words, so the oracles are presented as finishing an old piece of business. What they clear the ground for is described in ordinary terms, they shall dwell safely therein, and shall build houses, and plant vineyards, which is the subject of the second half of the book.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Ezekiel 25-28 | God is Our Protector | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Which Side Are You On? - Ezekiel 28:15-16a
David Guzik

Abide: Against Satan, King of Tyre - Ezekiel 28:1-26
David Guzik

Articles

  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Ezekiel -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Claiming What Belongs to God (v.2) — The prince of Tyre declares "I am a god," a claim most people would never say aloud but can still live out through self-sufficiency and self-worship. Where in your life are you functionally acting as your own god instead of submitting to Him?
  • Perfect, Until (v.15) — The king of Tyre was blameless in his ways from the day of his creation until iniquity was found in him, proving that created perfection is no guarantee of permanent faithfulness. What past track record of faithfulness are you trusting instead of depending daily on God's sustaining grace?
  • When Beauty Becomes the Cause of the Fall (v.17) — His heart is lifted up because of his beauty, and his wisdom is corrupted for the sake of his splendor. What gift or strength of yours has quietly become something you admire more than you worship the One who gave it?
  • Restoration Is God's Final Word (v.25) — After every oracle of judgment against the nations, God promises to gather Israel, settle them securely, and be shown holy in their sight. In a season of hard consequences, do you believe restoration is still where God's story with you is headed?