Genesis — Chapter 21

Loading ESV text...

1Now the LORD attended to Sarah as He had said, and the LORD did for Sarah what He had promised.

2So Sarah conceived and bore a son to Abraham in his old age, at the very time God had promised.

3And Abraham gave the name Isaac to the son Sarah bore to him.

4When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him, as God had commanded him.

5Abraham was a hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him.

6Then Sarah said, “God has made me laugh, and everyone who hears of this will laugh with me.”

7She added, “Who would have told Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet I have borne him a son in his old age.”

8So the child grew and was weaned, and Abraham held a great feast on the day Isaac was weaned.

9But Sarah saw that the son whom Hagar the Egyptian had borne to Abraham was mocking her son,

10and she said to Abraham, “Expel the slave woman and her son, for the slave woman’s son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac!”

11Now this matter distressed Abraham greatly because it concerned his son Ishmael.

12But God said to Abraham, “Do not be distressed about the boy and your maidservant. Listen to everything that Sarah tells you, for through Isaac your offspring will be reckoned.

13But I will also make a nation of the slave woman’s son, because he is your offspring.”

14Early in the morning, Abraham got up, took bread and a skin of water, put them on Hagar’s shoulders, and sent her away with the boy. She left and wandered in the Wilderness of Beersheba.

15When the water in the skin was gone, she left the boy under one of the bushes.

16Then she went off and sat down nearby, about a bowshot away, for she said, “I cannot bear to watch the boy die!” And as she sat nearby, she lifted up her voice and wept.

17Then God heard the voice of the boy, and the angel of God called to Hagar from heaven, “What is wrong, Hagar? Do not be afraid, for God has heard the voice of the boy where he lies.

18Get up, lift up the boy, and take him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation.”

19Then God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. So she went and filled the skin with water and gave the boy a drink.

20And God was with the boy, and he grew up and settled in the wilderness and became a great archer.

21And while he was dwelling in the Wilderness of Paran, his mother got a wife for him from the land of Egypt.

22At that time Abimelech and Phicol the commander of his army said to Abraham, “God is with you in all that you do.

23Now, therefore, swear to me here before God that you will not deal falsely with me or my children or descendants. Show to me and to the country in which you reside the same kindness that I have shown to you.”

24And Abraham replied, “I swear it.”

25But when Abraham complained to Abimelech about a well that Abimelech’s servants had seized,

26Abimelech replied, “I do not know who has done this. You did not tell me, so I have not heard about it until today.”

27So Abraham brought sheep and cattle and gave them to Abimelech, and the two men made a covenant.

28Abraham separated seven ewe lambs from the flock,

29and Abimelech asked him, “Why have you set apart these seven ewe lambs?”

30He replied, “You are to accept the seven ewe lambs from my hand as my witness that I dug this well.”

31So that place was called Beersheba, because it was there that the two of them swore an oath.

32After they had made the covenant at Beersheba, Abimelech and Phicol the commander of his army got up and returned to the land of the Philistines.

33And Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and there he called upon the name of the LORD, the Eternal God.

34And Abraham resided in the land of the Philistines for a long time.

1And the LORD visited Sarah as he had said, and the LORD did unto Sarah as he had spoken.

2For Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him.

3And Abraham called the name of his son that was born unto him, whom Sarah bare to him, Isaac.

4And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac being eight days old, as God had commanded him.

5And Abraham was an hundred years old, when his son Isaac was born unto him.

6And Sarah said, God hath made me to laugh, so that all that hear will laugh with me.

7And she said, Who would have said unto Abraham, that Sarah should have given children suck? for I have born him a son in his old age.

8And the child grew, and was weaned: and Abraham made a great feast the same day that Isaac was weaned.

9And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, which she had born unto Abraham, mocking.

10Wherefore she said unto Abraham, Cast out this bondwoman and her son: for the son of this bondwoman shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac.

11And the thing was very grievous in Abraham’s sight because of his son.

12And God said unto Abraham, Let it not be grievous in thy sight because of the lad, and because of thy bondwoman; in all that Sarah hath said unto thee, hearken unto her voice; for in Isaac shall thy seed be called.

13And also of the son of the bondwoman will I make a nation, because he is thy seed.

14And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread, and a bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, and the child, and sent her away: and she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba.

15And the water was spent in the bottle, and she cast the child under one of the shrubs.

16And she went, and sat her down over against him a good way off, as it were a bowshot: for she said, Let me not see the death of the child. And she sat over against him, and lift up her voice, and wept.

17And God heard the voice of the lad; and the angel of God called Hagar out of heaven, and said unto her, What aileth thee, Hagar? fear not; for God hath heard the voice of the lad where he is.

18Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a great nation.

19And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water; and she went, and filled the bottle with water, and gave the lad drink.

20And God was with the lad; and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer.

21And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran: and his mother took him a wife out of the land of Egypt.

22And it came to pass at that time, that Abimelech and Phichol the chief captain of his host spake unto Abraham, saying, God is with thee in all that thou doest:

23Now therefore swear unto me here by God that thou wilt not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son’s son: but according to the kindness that I have done unto thee, thou shalt do unto me, and to the land wherein thou hast sojourned.

24And Abraham said, I will swear.

25And Abraham reproved Abimelech because of a well of water, which Abimelech’s servants had violently taken away.

26And Abimelech said, I wot not who hath done this thing: neither didst thou tell me, neither yet heard I of it, but to day.

27And Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech; and both of them made a covenant.

28And Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by themselves.

29And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What mean these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set by themselves?

30And he said, For these seven ewe lambs shalt thou take of my hand, that they may be a witness unto me, that I have digged this well.

31Wherefore he called that place Beer-sheba; because there they sware both of them.

32Thus they made a covenant at Beer-sheba: then Abimelech rose up, and Phichol the chief captain of his host, and they returned into the land of the Philistines.

33And Abraham planted a grove in Beer-sheba, and called there on the name of the LORD, the everlasting God.

34And Abraham sojourned in the Philistines’ land many days.

1And Jehovah visited Sarah as he had said, and Jehovah did unto Sarah as he had spoken.

2And Sarah conceived, and bare Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him.

3And Abraham called the name of his son that was born unto him, whom Sarah bare to him, Isaac.

4And Abraham circumcised his son Isaac when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him.

5And Abraham was a hundred years old, when his son Isaac was born unto him.

6And Sarah said, God hath made me to laugh. Every one that heareth will laugh with me.

7And she said, Who would have said unto Abraham, that Sarah should give children suck? For I have borne him a son in his old age.

8And the child grew, and was weaned. And Abraham made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned.

9And Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne unto Abraham, mocking.

10Wherefore she said unto Abraham, Cast out this handmaid and her son. For the son of this handmaid shall not be heir with my son, even with Isaac.

11And the thing was very grievous in Abraham`s sight on account of his son.

12And God said unto Abraham, Let it not be grievous in thy sight because of the lad, and because of thy handmaid. In all that Sarah saith unto thee, hearken unto her voice. For in Isaac shall thy seed be called.

13And also of the son of the handmaid will I make a nation, because he is thy seed.

14And Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it unto Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, and [gave her] the child, and sent her away. And she departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba.

15And the water in the bottle was spent, and she cast the child under one of the shrubs.

16And she went, and sat her down over against him a good way off, as it were a bowshot. For she said, Let me not look upon the death of the child. And she sat over against him, and lifted up her voice, and wept.

17And God heard the voice of the lad. And the angel of God called to Hagar out of heaven, and said unto her, What aileth thee, Hagar? Fear not. For God hath heard the voice of the lad where he is.

18Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thy hand. For I will make him a great nation.

19And God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. And she went, and filled the bottle with water, and gave the lad drink.

20And God was with the lad, and he grew. And he dwelt in the wilderness, and became, as he grew up, an archer.

21And he dwelt in the wilderness of Paran. And his mother took him a wife out of the land of Egypt.

22And it came to pass at that time, that Abimelech and Phicol the captain of his host spake unto Abraham, saying, God is with thee in all that thou doest.

23Now therefore swear unto me here by God that thou wilt not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son`s son. But according to the kindness that I have done unto thee, thou shalt do unto me, and to the land wherein thou hast sojourned.

24And Abraham said, I will swear.

25And Abraham reproved Abimelech because of the well of water, which Abimelech`s servants had violently taken away.

26And Abimelech said, I know not who hath done this thing. Neither didst thou tell me, neither yet heard I of it, but to-day.

27And Abraham took sheep and oxen, and gave them unto Abimelech. And they two made a covenant.

28And Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by themselves.

29And Abimelech said unto Abraham, What mean these seven ewe lambs which thou hast set by themselves?

30And he said, These seven ewe lambs shalt thou take of my hand, that it may be a witness unto me, that I have digged this well.

31Wherefore he called that place Beer-sheba. Because there they sware both of them.

32So they made a covenant at Beer-sheba. And Abimelech rose up, and Phicol the captain of his host, and they returned into the land of the Philistines.

33And [Abraham] planted a tamarisk tree in Beer-sheba, and called there on the name of Jehovah, the Everlasting God.

34And Abraham sojourned in the land of the Philistines many days.

1The Lord visited Sarah just as he had said he would and did for Sarah what he had promised.

2So Sarah became pregnant and bore Abraham a son in his old age at the appointed time that God had told him.

3Abraham named his son—whom Sarah bore to him—Isaac.

4When his son Isaac was eight days old, Abraham circumcised him just as God had commanded him to do.

5(Now Abraham was one hundred years old when his son Isaac was born to him.)

6Sarah said, “God has made me laugh. Everyone who hears about this will laugh with me.”

7She went on to say, “Who would have said to Abraham that Sarah would nurse children? Yet I have given birth to a son for him in his old age!”

8The child grew and was weaned. Abraham prepared a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned.

9But Sarah noticed the son of Hagar the Egyptian—the son whom Hagar had borne to Abraham—mocking.

10So she said to Abraham, “Banish that slave woman and her son, for the son of that slave woman will not be an heir along with my son Isaac!”

11Sarah’s demand displeased Abraham greatly because Ishmael was his son.

12But God said to Abraham, “Do not be upset about the boy or your slave wife. Do all that Sarah is telling you because through Isaac your descendants will be counted.

13But I will also make the son of the slave wife into a great nation, for he is your descendant too.”

14Early in the morning Abraham took some food and a skin of water and gave them to Hagar. He put them on her shoulders, gave her the child, and sent her away. So she went wandering aimlessly through the wilderness of Beer Sheba.

15When the water in the skin was gone, she shoved the child under one of the shrubs.

16Then she went and sat down by herself across from him at quite a distance, about a bowshot, away; for she thought, “I refuse to watch the child die.” So she sat across from him and wept uncontrollably.

17But God heard the boy’s voice. The angel of God called to Hagar from heaven and asked her, “What is the matter, Hagar? Don’t be afraid, for God has heard the boy’s voice right where he is crying.

18Get up! Help the boy up and hold him by the hand, for I will make him into a great nation.”

19Then God enabled Hagar to see a well of water. She went over and filled the skin with water, and then gave the boy a drink.

20God was with the boy as he grew. He lived in the wilderness and became an archer.

21He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother found a wife for him from the land of Egypt.

22At that time Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, said to Abraham, “God is with you in all that you do.

23Now swear to me right here in God’s name that you will not deceive me, my children, or my descendants. Show me, and the land where you are staying, the same loyalty that I have shown you.”

24Abraham said, “I swear to do this.”

25But Abraham lodged a complaint against Abimelech concerning a well that Abimelech’s servants had seized.

26“I do not know who has done this thing,” Abimelech replied. “Moreover, you did not tell me. I did not hear about it until today.”

27Abraham took some sheep and cattle and gave them to Abimelech. The two of them made a treaty.

28Then Abraham set seven ewe lambs apart from the flock by themselves.

29Abimelech asked Abraham, “What is the meaning of these seven ewe lambs that you have set apart?”

30He replied, “You must take these seven ewe lambs from my hand as legal proof that I dug this well.”

31That is why he named that place Beer Sheba, because the two of them swore an oath there.

32So they made a treaty at Beer Sheba; then Abimelech and Phicol, the commander of his army, returned to the land of the Philistines.

33Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beer Sheba. There he worshiped the Lord, the eternal God.

34So Abraham stayed in the land of the Philistines for quite some time.

1Yahweh visited Sarah as he had said, and Yahweh did to Sarah as he had spoken.

2Sarah conceived, and bore Abraham a son in his old age, at the set time of which God had spoken to him.

3Abraham called his son who was born to him, whom Sarah bore to him, Isaac.

4Abraham circumcised his son, Isaac, when he was eight days old, as God had commanded him.

5Abraham was one hundred years old when his son, Isaac, was born to him.

6Sarah said, “God has made me laugh. Everyone who hears will laugh with me.”

7She said, “Who would have said to Abraham, that Sarah would nurse children? For I have borne him a son in his old age.”

8The child grew, and was weaned. Abraham made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned.

9Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, mocking.

10Therefore she said to Abraham, “Cast out this servant and her son! For the son of this servant will not be heir with my son, Isaac.”

11The thing was very grievous in Abraham’s sight on account of his son.

12God said to Abraham, “Don’t let it be grievous in your sight because of the boy, and because of your servant. In all that Sarah says to you, listen to her voice. For your offspring will be named through Isaac.

13I will also make a nation of the son of the servant, because he is your child.”

14Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder; and gave her the child, and sent her away. She departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba.

15The water in the bottle was spent, and she put the child under one of the shrubs.

16She went and sat down opposite him, a good way off, about a bow shot away. For she said, “Don’t let me see the death of the child.” She sat over against him, and lifted up her voice, and wept.

17God heard the voice of the boy. The angel of God called to Hagar out of the sky, and said to her, “What ails you, Hagar? Don’t be afraid. For God has heard the voice of the boy where he is.

18Get up, lift up the boy, and hold him in your hand. For I will make him a great nation.”

19God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. She went, filled the bottle with water, and gave the boy drink.

20God was with the boy, and he grew. He lived in the wilderness, and became, as he grew up, an archer.

21He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt.

22At that time, Abimelech and Phicol the captain of his army spoke to Abraham, saying, “God is with you in all that you do.

23Now, therefore, swear to me here by God that you will not deal falsely with me, nor with my son, nor with my son’s son. But according to the kindness that I have done to you, you shall do to me, and to the land in which you have lived as a foreigner.”

24Abraham said, “I will swear.”

25Abraham complained to Abimelech because of a water well, which Abimelech’s servants had violently taken away.

26Abimelech said, “I don’t know who has done this thing. You didn’t tell me, and I didn’t hear of it until today.”

27Abraham took sheep and cattle, and gave them to Abimelech. Those two made a covenant.

28Abraham set seven ewe lambs of the flock by themselves.

29Abimelech said to Abraham, “What do these seven ewe lambs which you have set by themselves mean?”

30He said, “You shall take these seven ewe lambs from my hand, that it may be a witness to me, that I have dug this well.”

31Therefore he called that place Beersheba, because they both swore an oath there.

32So they made a covenant at Beersheba. Abimelech rose up with Phicol, the captain of his army, and they returned into the land of the Philistines.

33Abraham planted a tamarisk tree in Beersheba, and called there on the name of Yahweh, the Everlasting God.

34Abraham lived as a foreigner in the land of the Philistines many days.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

Sarah bears Isaac in her old age just as God had promised, and Abraham circumcises him on the eighth day (vv. 1-7). At the feast celebrating Isaac's weaning, Sarah sees Ishmael mocking and insists Abraham send Hagar and Ishmael away; though troubled, Abraham does so at God's instruction, with God promising to make a nation from Ishmael as well (vv. 8-13). Wandering in the wilderness and running out of water, Hagar despairs for her son's life until God opens her eyes to a well and reaffirms His promise for Ishmael (vv. 14-21). The chapter closes with Abraham and Abimelech settling a dispute over a well and making a covenant of peace at Beersheba (vv. 22-34).

Authorship & Background

Author: Moses (see Chapter 1 notes for full authorship details).
Historical Context: Chapter 21 records the long-awaited birth of Isaac — the fulfillment of God's 25-year-old promise. Abraham was 75 when called (12:4); he's now 100 (v.5). The chapter also records the expulsion of Hagar and Ishmael (painful but necessary for the covenant line) and Abraham's covenant with Abimelech at Beer-sheba. The birth of Isaac demonstrates God's faithfulness to His word — He does what He promises, in His timing.
Classification: Historical Narrative
Key Themes: a promise twenty-five years in the making finally fulfilled at the set time exactly as God had said, a name, Isaac, meaning laughter, turning what was once the laughter of disbelief into the laughter of joy, Ishmael's mockery at a weaning feast triggering Sarah's demand that he and Hagar be sent away entirely, God confirming a promise for Ishmael even while confirming that the covenant runs through Isaac alone, and a covenant sworn with Abimelech at a well named for the very oath exchanged there, Beer-sheba
Isaac's Birth (vv.1-7): "The LORD visited Sarah as he had said" (v.1). Sarah conceives and bears a son "at the set time" (v.2). Named Isaac ("laughter") (v.3). Circumcised on the eighth day (v.4). Abraham is 100 (v.5). Sarah's joy: "God hath made me to laugh" (v.6). The laughter of disbelief (17:17, 18:12) becomes the laughter of joy.
Ishmael and Hagar Sent Away (vv.8-21): At Isaac's weaning feast, Ishmael mocks (v.9). Sarah demands: "Cast out this bondwoman and her son" (v.10). Abraham is grieved (v.11). God confirms: "In Isaac shall thy seed be called" (v.12). Ishmael will also become a nation (v.13). Abraham sends Hagar and Ishmael away (v.14). In the wilderness, water runs out (v.15). Hagar weeps (v.16). God hears the boy, opens Hagar's eyes to a well (vv.17-19). God is with Ishmael; he grows as an archer in Paran (vv.20-21).
The Covenant at Beer-sheba (vv.22-34): Abimelech recognizes "God is with thee" (v.22). They make a covenant (v.27). Abraham names the place Beer-sheba ("well of the oath") (v.31). Abraham plants a tamarisk tree and worships "the everlasting God" (El Olam) (v.33).

Map & Geography

  • Beer-sheba (v.14) — meaning "well of the oath" (or "well of seven"), located in the southern Negev. This becomes a key site for the patriarchs marking the southern boundary of the Promised Land.
  • The wilderness of Beer-sheba (v.14) — where Hagar wanders after expulsion. Arid desert terrain in the northern Negev.
  • Abraham plants a tamarisk tree at Beer-sheba (v.33) — establishing a permanent settlement and worship site in the south.

Places on this map

  • BeershebaBeersheba, IsraelA well at the top of the Negev, the last settled place before the desert, which is why from Dan to Beersheba means the whole land. Abraham, Isaac and Jacob all camped here. Wikipedia
  • Negevsouthern IsraelThe arid triangle south of the Judean hills, grazing land in a good year and desert in a bad one. Hebrew uses the same word for it as for the direction south. Wikipedia
  • CanaanIsrael, West Bank, LebanonThe land bridge between Egypt and Mesopotamia, which is why armies crossed it for three thousand years. Within about 60 miles it goes from coastal plain to hill country to rift valley to desert plateau, so control of it was always local and piecemeal. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik covers Isaac's birth, the Hagar/Ishmael expulsion, God's care for the outcast, and the Beer-sheba covenant.
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Genesis 21 Summary in 5 Minutes - 5MBS
2BeLikeChrist

Genesis 20-21 | Ishmael | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Isaac Born, Ishmael Sent Away – Genesis 21
David Guzik

Articles

  • BibleProject: bibleproject.com On the whole book: how its opening chapters work as literature and how they set up everything that follows.
  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Genesis -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • God's Promise Kept Exactly on Time (v.1) — After twenty-five years of waiting, the LORD does for Sarah exactly what He had said, at the precise time He appointed. What promise are you still waiting on, and can you trust it has a set time rather than being forgotten?
  • Doubt Turned to Joy (v.6) — Sarah's earlier laughter of disbelief becomes genuine laughter of joy once Isaac is actually born. What doubts have you carried about God's promises that you need to bring to Him and let Him turn into joy?
  • Releasing What Human Effort Produced (vv.10-14) — Abraham must send away Ishmael, the son born from his and Sarah's own scheme, so that God's actual promise through Isaac can move forward unhindered. What shortcut or self-made solution might you need to release so God's real plan can flourish?
  • Heard Even in the Wilderness (v.17) — Though Ishmael was the product of human impatience and Hagar is now cast out, God still hears the boy's cry and provides for them in the desert. Do you believe God still hears and cares for you even in situations shaped by someone else's failure, or your own?
  • Resting in the Everlasting God (v.33) — Abraham worships the LORD as El Olam, the everlasting God, after decades of waiting, failure, and fulfillment. Whatever season you're in right now, does it help to remember that it is temporary while God Himself is not?