Isaiah — Chapter 19

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1This is the burden against Egypt: Behold, the LORD rides on a swift cloud; He is coming to Egypt. The idols of Egypt will tremble before Him, and the hearts of the Egyptians will melt within them.

2“So I will incite Egyptian against Egyptian; brother will fight against brother, neighbor against neighbor, city against city, and kingdom against kingdom.

3Then the spirit of the Egyptians will be emptied out from among them, and I will frustrate their plans, so that they will resort to idols and spirits of the dead, to mediums and spiritists.

4I will deliver the Egyptians into the hands of a harsh master, and a fierce king will rule over them,” declares the Lord GOD of Hosts.

5The waters of the Nile will dry up, and the riverbed will be parched and empty.

6The canals will stink; the streams of Egypt will trickle and dry up; the reeds and rushes will wither.

7The bulrushes by the Nile, by the mouth of the river, and all the fields sown along the Nile, will wither, blow away, and be no more.

8Then the fishermen will mourn, all who cast a hook into the Nile will lament, and those who spread nets on the waters will pine away.

9The workers in flax will be dismayed, and the weavers of fine linen will turn pale.

10The workers in cloth will be dejected, and all the hired workers will be sick at heart.

11The princes of Zoan are mere fools; Pharaoh’s wise counselors give senseless advice. How can you say to Pharaoh, “I am one of the wise, a son of eastern kings”?

12Where are your wise men now? Let them tell you and reveal what the LORD of Hosts has planned against Egypt.

13The princes of Zoan have become fools; the princes of Memphis are deceived. The cornerstones of her tribes have led Egypt astray.

14The LORD has poured into her a spirit of confusion. Egypt has been led astray in all she does, as a drunkard staggers through his own vomit.

15There is nothing Egypt can do—head or tail, palm or reed.

16In that day the Egyptians will be like women. They will tremble with fear beneath the uplifted hand of the LORD of Hosts, when He brandishes it against them.

17The land of Judah will bring terror to Egypt; whenever Judah is mentioned, Egypt will tremble over what the LORD of Hosts has planned against it.

18In that day five cities in the land of Egypt will speak the language of Canaan and swear allegiance to the LORD of Hosts. One of them will be called the City of the Sun.

19In that day there will be an altar to the LORD in the center of the land of Egypt, and a pillar to the LORD near her border.

20It will be a sign and a witness to the LORD of Hosts in the land of Egypt. When they cry out to the LORD because of their oppressors, He will send them a savior and defender to rescue them.

21The LORD will make Himself known to Egypt, and on that day Egypt will acknowledge the LORD. They will worship with sacrifices and offerings; they will make vows to the LORD and fulfill them.

22And the LORD will strike Egypt with a plague; He will strike them but heal them. They will turn to the LORD, and He will hear their prayers and heal them.

23In that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will go to Egypt, and the Egyptians to Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together.

24In that day Israel will join a three-party alliance with Egypt and Assyria—a blessing upon the earth.

25The LORD of Hosts will bless them, saying, “Blessed be Egypt My people, Assyria My handiwork, and Israel My inheritance.”

1The burden of Egypt. Behold, the LORD rideth upon a swift cloud, and shall come into Egypt: and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence, and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst of it.

2And I will set the Egyptians against the Egyptians: and they shall fight every one against his brother, and every one against his neighbour; city against city, and kingdom against kingdom.

3And the spirit of Egypt shall fail in the midst thereof; and I will destroy the counsel thereof: and they shall seek to the idols, and to the charmers, and to them that have familiar spirits, and to the wizards.

4And the Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord; and a fierce king shall rule over them, saith the Lord, the LORD of hosts.

5And the waters shall fail from the sea, and the river shall be wasted and dried up.

6And they shall turn the rivers far away; and the brooks of defence shall be emptied and dried up: the reeds and flags shall wither.

7The paper reeds by the brooks, by the mouth of the brooks, and every thing sown by the brooks, shall wither, be driven away, and be no more.

8The fishers also shall mourn, and all they that cast angle into the brooks shall lament, and they that spread nets upon the waters shall languish.

9Moreover they that work in fine flax, and they that weave networks, shall be confounded.

10And they shall be broken in the purposes thereof, all that make sluices and ponds for fish.

11Surely the princes of Zoan are fools, the counsel of the wise counsellors of Pharaoh is become brutish: how say ye unto Pharaoh, I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings?

12Where are they? where are thy wise men? and let them tell thee now, and let them know what the LORD of hosts hath purposed upon Egypt.

13The princes of Zoan are become fools, the princes of Noph are deceived; they have also seduced Egypt, even they that are the stay of the tribes thereof.

14The LORD hath mingled a perverse spirit in the midst thereof: and they have caused Egypt to err in every work thereof, as a drunken man staggereth in his vomit.

15Neither shall there be any work for Egypt, which the head or tail, branch or rush, may do.

16In that day shall Egypt be like unto women: and it shall be afraid and fear because of the shaking of the hand of the LORD of hosts, which he shaketh over it.

17And the land of Judah shall be a terror unto Egypt, every one that maketh mention thereof shall be afraid in himself, because of the counsel of the LORD of hosts, which he hath determined against it.

18In that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the language of Canaan, and swear to the LORD of hosts; one shall be called, The city of destruction.

19In that day shall there be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the LORD.

20And it shall be for a sign and for a witness unto the LORD of hosts in the land of Egypt: for they shall cry unto the LORD because of the oppressors, and he shall send them a saviour, and a great one, and he shall deliver them.

21And the LORD shall be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians shall know the LORD in that day, and shall do sacrifice and oblation; yea, they shall vow a vow unto the LORD, and perform it.

22And the LORD shall smite Egypt: he shall smite and heal it: and they shall return even to the LORD, and he shall be intreated of them, and shall heal them.

23In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria, and the Egyptians shall serve with the Assyrians.

24In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, even a blessing in the midst of the land:

25Whom the LORD of hosts shall bless, saying, Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance.

1The burden of Egypt. Behold, Jehovah rideth upon a swift cloud, and cometh unto Egypt: and the idols of Egypt shall tremble at his presence; and the heart of Egypt shall melt in the midst of it.

2And I will stir up the Egyptians against the Egyptians: and they shall fight every one against his brother, and every one against his neighbor; city against city, [and] kingdom against kingdom.

3And the spirit of Egypt shall fail in the midst of it; and I will destroy the counsel thereof: and they shall seek unto the idols, and to the charmers, and to them that have familiar spirits, and to the wizards.

4And I will give over the Egyptians into the hand of a cruel lord; and a fierce king shall rule over them, saith the Lord, Jehovah of hosts.

5And the waters shall fail from the sea, and the river shall be wasted and become dry.

6And the rivers shall become foul; the streams of Egypt shall be diminished and dried up; the reeds and flags shall wither away.

7The meadows by the Nile, by the brink of the Nile, and all the sown fields of the Nile, shall become dry, be driven away, and be no more.

8And the fishers shall lament, and all they that cast angle into the Nile shall mourn, and they that spread nets upon the waters shall languish.

9Moreover they that work in combed flax, and they that weave white cloth, shall be confounded.

10And the pillars [of Egypt] shall be broken in pieces; all they that work for hire [shall be] grieved in soul.

11The princes of Zoan are utterly foolish; the counsel of the wisest counsellors of Pharaoh is become brutish: how say ye unto Pharaoh, I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings?

12Where then are thy wise men? and let them tell thee now; and let them know what Jehovah of hosts hath purposed concerning Egypt.

13The princes of Zoan are become fools, the princes of Memphis are deceived; they have caused Egypt to go astray, that are the corner-stone of her tribes.

14Jehovah hath mingled a spirit of perverseness in the midst of her; and they have caused Egypt to go astray in every work thereof, as a drunken man staggereth in his vomit.

15Neither shall there be for Egypt any work, which head or tail, palm-branch or rush, may do.

16In that day shall the Egyptians be like unto women; and they shall tremble and fear because of the shaking of the hand of Jehovah of hosts, which he shaketh over them.

17And the land of Judah shall become a terror unto Egypt; every one to whom mention is made thereof shall be afraid, because of the purpose of Jehovah of hosts, which he purposeth against it.

18In that day there shall be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak the language of Canaan, and swear to Jehovah of hosts; one shall be called The city of destruction.

19In that day shall there be an altar to Jehovah in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to Jehovah.

20And it shall be for a sign and for a witness unto Jehovah of hosts in the land of Egypt; for they shall cry unto Jehovah because of oppressors, and he will send them a saviour, and a defender, and he will deliver them.

21And Jehovah shall be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians shall know Jehovah in that day; yea, they shall worship with sacrifice and oblation, and shall vow a vow unto Jehovah, and shall perform it.

22And Jehovah will smite Egypt, smiting and healing; and they shall return unto Jehovah, and he will be entreated of them, and will heal them.

23In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria; and the Egyptians shall worship with the Assyrians.

24In that day shall Israel be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, a blessing in the midst of the earth;

25for that Jehovah of hosts hath blessed them, saying, Blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance.

1This is an oracle about Egypt: Look, the Lord rides on a swift-moving cloud and approaches Egypt. The idols of Egypt tremble before him; the Egyptians lose their courage.

2“I will provoke civil strife in Egypt: brothers will fight with one another, as will neighbors, cities, and kingdoms.

3The Egyptians will panic, and I will confuse their strategy. They will seek guidance from the idols and from the spirits of the dead, from the pits used to conjure up underworld spirits, and from the magicians.

4I will hand Egypt over to a harsh master; a powerful king will rule over them,” says the Sovereign Lord of Heaven’s Armies.

5The water of the sea will be dried up, and the river will dry up and be empty.

6The canals will stink; the streams of Egypt will trickle and then dry up; the bulrushes and reeds will decay,

7along with the plants by the mouth of the river. All the cultivated land near the river will turn to dust and be blown away.

8The fishermen will mourn and lament; all those who cast a fishhook into the river, and those who spread out a net on the water’s surface will grieve.

9Those who make clothes from combed flax will be embarrassed; those who weave will turn pale.

10Those who make cloth will be demoralized; all the hired workers will be depressed.

11The officials of Zoan are nothing but fools; Pharaoh’s wise advisers give stupid advice. How dare you say to Pharaoh, “I am one of the sages, one well versed in the writings of the ancient kings”?

12But where, oh where, are your wise men? Let them tell you, let them find out what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies has planned for Egypt.

13The officials of Zoan are fools, the officials of Memphis are misled; the rulers of her tribes lead Egypt astray.

14The Lord has made them undiscerning; they lead Egypt astray in all she does, so that she is like a drunk sliding around in his own vomit.

15Egypt will not be able to do a thing, head or tail, shoots or stalk.

16At that time the Egyptians will be like women. They will tremble and fear because the Lord of Heaven’s Armies brandishes his fist against them.

17The land of Judah will humiliate Egypt. Everyone who hears about Judah will be afraid because of what the Lord of Heaven’s Armies is planning to do to them.

18At that time five cities in the land of Egypt will speak the language of Canaan and swear allegiance to the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. One will be called the City of the Sun.

19At that time there will be an altar for the Lord in the middle of the land of Egypt, as well as a sacred pillar dedicated to the Lord at its border.

20It will become a visual reminder in the land of Egypt of the Lord of Heaven’s Armies. When they cry out to the Lord because of oppressors, he will send them a deliverer and defender who will rescue them.

21The Lord will reveal himself to the Egyptians, and they will acknowledge the Lord’s authority at that time. They will present sacrifices and offerings; they will make vows to the Lord and fulfill them.

22The Lord will strike Egypt, striking and then healing them. They will turn to the Lord, and he will listen to their prayers and heal them.

23At that time there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria. The Assyrians will visit Egypt, and the Egyptians will visit Assyria. The Egyptians and Assyrians will worship together.

24At that time Israel will be the third member of the group, along with Egypt and Assyria, and will be a recipient of blessing in the earth.

25The Lord of Heaven’s Armies will pronounce a blessing over the earth, saying, “Blessed be my people, Egypt, and the work of my hands, Assyria, and my special possession, Israel!”

1The burden of Egypt. “Behold, Yahweh rides on a swift cloud, and comes to Egypt. The idols of Egypt will tremble at his presence; and the heart of Egypt will melt within it.

2I will stir up the Egyptians against the Egyptians, and they will fight everyone against his brother, and everyone against his neighbor; city against city, and kingdom against kingdom.

3The spirit of Egypt will fail within it. I will destroy its counsel. They will seek the idols, the charmers, those who have familiar spirits, and the wizards.

4I will give over the Egyptians into the hand of a cruel lord. A fierce king will rule over them,” says the Lord, Yahweh of Armies.

5The waters will fail from the sea, and the river will be wasted and become dry.

6The rivers will become foul. The streams of Egypt will be diminished and dried up. The reeds and flags will wither away.

7The meadows by the Nile, by the brink of the Nile, and all the sown fields of the Nile, will become dry, be driven away, and be no more.

8The fishermen will lament, and all those who fish in the Nile will mourn, and those who spread nets on the waters will languish.

9Moreover those who work in combed flax, and those who weave white cloth, will be confounded.

10The pillars will be broken in pieces. All those who work for hire will be grieved in soul.

11The princes of Zoan are utterly foolish. The counsel of the wisest counselors of Pharaoh has become stupid. How do you say to Pharaoh, “I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings?”

12Where then are your wise men? Let them tell you now; and let them know what Yahweh of Armies has purposed concerning Egypt.

13The princes of Zoan have become fools. The princes of Memphis are deceived. They have caused Egypt to go astray, who are the cornerstone of her tribes.

14Yahweh has mixed a spirit of perverseness in the middle of her; and they have caused Egypt to go astray in all of its works, like a drunken man staggers in his vomit.

15Neither shall there be any work for Egypt, which head or tail, palm branch or rush, may do.

16In that day the Egyptians will be like women. They will tremble and fear because of the shaking of Yahweh of Armies’s hand, which he shakes over them.

17The land of Judah will become a terror to Egypt. Everyone to whom mention is made of it will be afraid, because of the plans of Yahweh of Armies, which he determines against it.

18In that day, there will be five cities in the land of Egypt that speak the language of Canaan, and swear to Yahweh of Armies. One will be called “The city of destruction.”

19In that day, there will be an altar to Yahweh in the middle of the land of Egypt, and a pillar to Yahweh at its border.

20It will be for a sign and for a witness to Yahweh of Armies in the land of Egypt; for they will cry to Yahweh because of oppressors, and he will send them a savior and a defender, and he will deliver them.

21Yahweh will be known to Egypt, and the Egyptians will know Yahweh in that day. Yes, they will worship with sacrifice and offering, and will vow a vow to Yahweh, and will perform it.

22Yahweh will strike Egypt, striking and healing. They will return to Yahweh, and he will be entreated by them, and will heal them.

23In that day there will be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria; and the Egyptians will worship with the Assyrians.

24In that day, Israel will be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, a blessing within the earth;

25because Yahweh of Armies has blessed them, saying, “Blessed be Egypt my people, Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel my inheritance.”

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

The Lord comes swiftly against Egypt, causing its idols to tremble and its people to lose heart (v. 1). He turns Egyptians against each other in civil strife, confuses their plans, and drives them to consult idols and mediums instead of him (vv. 2-3), then hands them over to a harsh ruler (v. 4). The Nile dries up, ruining fishermen and linen workers alike (vv. 5-10), while the once-wise counselors of Zoan and Pharaoh are exposed as fools who have led Egypt astray like a drunk stumbling in his own vomit (vv. 11-15). Egypt trembles before the Lord's raised hand and fears even the mention of Judah (vv. 16-17). Remarkably, the chapter then turns to hope: Egyptian cities will worship the Lord, an altar will stand within Egypt, and when they cry out he will send a deliverer, make himself known to them, strike and heal them, and receive their worship (vv. 18-22). It closes with a highway linking Egypt and Assyria and a vision of Egypt, Assyria, and Israel united together as God's own blessed people (vv. 23-25).

Authorship & Background

Author: Isaiah son of Amoz (see Chapter 1 notes for full details).
Classification: Prophetic Oracle — Burden Against Egypt
Key Themes: God's sovereignty over the world's greatest civilization, civil war and confusion, the failure of human wisdom and false religion, judgment leading to conversion, the stunning future unity of Egypt-Assyria-Israel
Historical Context: Egypt was the ancient world's oldest great civilization — millennia of power, learning, and religion. Judah was constantly tempted to ally with Egypt against Assyria/Babylon (Isaiah repeatedly warns against this: chs. 30-31). This oracle shows that Egypt itself is subject to the LORD. The "cruel lord" (v.4) likely refers to Assyrian or Ethiopian conquest. The chapter may date to the period when Egypt was weakened by internal division (the fracturing into competing dynasties before the Cushite 25th Dynasty consolidated power, c. 730-715 BC).
Civil War and Chaos (vv.1-4): Behold, the LORD rideth upon a swift cloud, and shall come into Egypt, and the idols of Egypt shall be moved at his presence. What is predicted first is internal rather than external, and I will set the Egyptians against the Egyptians, and they shall fight every one against his brother, city against city, and kingdom against kingdom. Then the failure of the country's information systems, and they shall seek to the idols, and to the charmers, and to them that have familiar spirits, and to the wizards. A state that cannot get a straight answer from anyone it consults.
The Nile Fails (vv.5-10): And the waters shall fail from the sea, and the river shall be wasted and dried up. For Egypt that is not one calamity among several, it is the whole economy, and the chapter follows the consequences down the supply chain: the reeds and flags shall wither, the paper reeds by the brooks shall wither, the fishers also shall mourn, and all they that cast angle into the brooks shall lament. Then the textile trade, they that work in fine flax, and they that weave networks, shall be confounded. Every trade named depends on water and every one of them stops.
Egypt's Wisdom Fails (vv.11-15): Surely the princes of Zoan are fools, the counsel of the wise counsellors of Pharaoh is become brutish. Egypt's reputation for wisdom was ancient and international, so this is an attack on the thing the country was most confident about, how say ye unto Pharaoh, I am the son of the wise. The image used is drunkenness, the LORD hath mingled a perverse spirit in the midst thereof, and they shall be as a drunken man staggereth in his vomit. And the summary is the same as at 9:14, there shall be no work for Egypt, which the head or tail may do.
Five Cities Speak the Language of Canaan (vv.16-18): In that day shall Egypt be afraid because of the LORD of hosts, and the fear is directed at Judah of all places, and the land of Judah shall be a terror unto Egypt. Then a specific and quietly extraordinary claim, in that day shall five cities in the land of Egypt speak the language of Canaan, and swear to the LORD of hosts. Five Egyptian cities keeping the covenant in Hebrew. A Jewish military colony did later exist at Elephantine with its own temple, and papyri from it survive, which is the nearest historical anchor for a verse like this.
An Altar to the LORD in Egypt (vv.19-22): In that day shall there be an altar to the LORD in the midst of the land of Egypt, and a pillar at the border thereof to the LORD. Given that Deuteronomy insists on one sanctuary in one place, an authorised altar in Egypt is a remarkable thing for this book to promise. And the pattern that follows is the pattern of Judges applied to a foreign nation, they shall cry unto the LORD because of the oppressors, and he shall send them a saviour, and he shall deliver them. Egypt gets the cycle Israel got.
The Highway, and Egypt My People (vv.23-25): In that day shall there be a highway out of Egypt to Assyria, and the Assyrian shall come into Egypt, and the Egyptian into Assyria, and they shall serve with one accord. The two superpowers that had ground Israel between them for two centuries are pictured using a road rather than an army. Then Israel is placed between them not as a buffer but as a third party of equal standing, and Israel shall be the third with Egypt and with Assyria, even a blessing in the midst of the land. And the closing blessing gives each of them a title previously reserved for Israel, blessed be Egypt my people, and Assyria the work of my hands, and Israel mine inheritance. It is the widest sentence in the first half of the book.

Map & Geography

  • Egypt (v.1, v.3, v.12): Land to the southwest; place of Israel's bondage and exodus.
  • Assyria (v.23, v.24, v.25): Empire to the northeast that conquered the northern kingdom of Israel (722 BC).

Places on this map

  • EgyptEgyptA ribbon of irrigated land along the Nile, ending in the Delta where Israel settled in Goshen. Rain-fed Canaan depended on weather; Egypt depended on a river that flooded on schedule, which made it the place everyone went when the harvest failed. Wikipedia
  • Assyrianorthern IraqThe upper Tigris heartland around Nineveh, Calah and Asshur. Its armies reached Israel by following the Fertile Crescent north-west and then south down the coast, so the threat always arrived from the north even though Assyria lay to the east. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Isaiah 19 - Bible Study, Explanation, and Application
2BeLikeChrist

Trophies of Grace - Isaiah 19:23-25
David Guzik

Isaiah 19-20 | A Global Community | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Articles

  • BibleProject: bibleproject.com On the whole book: the promised king who runs through Isaiah from beginning to end.
  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Isaiah -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • No Civilization Too Great to Humble (vv.1-4) — Egypt's ancient wisdom, religion, and power all fall under God's authority in this vision. What in your world seems too established or powerful to ever be shaken by God?
  • The Failure of Human Wisdom (v.14) — Egypt's celebrated counselors stagger in confusion because God has confounded their judgment. When even the wisest voices can't find an answer, could God be exposing the limits of human wisdom on purpose?
  • Judgment That Leads to Worship (vv.21-25) — The oracle that opens in devastation closes with Egypt worshipping the Lord with sacrifice and offering. Can you trust that a hard season in your own life might be leading somewhere redemptive rather than just painful?
  • A Highway Between Enemies (v.23) — God envisions a highway connecting former enemies Egypt and Assyria, united rather than opposed. Who in your life feels like a permanent adversary that God might actually want to reconcile you to?
  • Called God's Own People (v.25) — God calls Egypt "my people" and Assyria "the work of my hands," naming Israel's ancient oppressors as His own. Is there someone you've written off as beyond reach that this verse challenges you to reconsider?