Isaiah — Chapter 51

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1“Listen to Me, you who pursue righteousness, you who seek the LORD: Look to the rock from which you were cut, and to the quarry from which you were hewn.

2Look to Abraham your father, and to Sarah who gave you birth. When I called him, he was but one; then I blessed him and multiplied him.

3For the LORD will comfort Zion and will look with compassion on all her ruins; He will make her wilderness like Eden and her desert like the garden of the LORD. Joy and gladness will be found in her, thanksgiving and melodious song.

4Pay attention to Me, My people, and listen to Me, My nation; for a law will go out from Me, and My justice will become a light to the nations; I will bring it about quickly.

5My righteousness draws near, My salvation is on the way, and My arms will bring justice to the nations. The islands will look for Me and wait in hope for My arm.

6Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look at the earth below; for the heavens will vanish like smoke, the earth will wear out like a garment, and its people will die like gnats. But My salvation will last forever, and My righteousness will never fail.

7Listen to Me, you who know what is right, you people with My law in your hearts: Do not fear the scorn of men; do not be broken by their insults.

8For the moth will devour them like a garment, and the worm will eat them like wool. But My righteousness will last forever, My salvation through all generations.”

9Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD. Wake up as in days past, as in generations of old. Was it not You who cut Rahab to pieces, who pierced through the dragon?

10Was it not You who dried up the sea, the waters of the great deep, who made a road in the depths of the sea for the redeemed to cross over?

11So the redeemed of the LORD will return and enter Zion with singing, crowned with everlasting joy. Gladness and joy will overtake them, and sorrow and sighing will flee.

12“I, even I, am He who comforts you. Why should you be afraid of mortal man, of a son of man who withers like grass?

13But you have forgotten the LORD, your Maker, who stretched out the heavens and laid the foundations of the earth. You live in terror all day long because of the fury of the oppressor who is bent on destruction. But where is the fury of the oppressor?

14The captive will soon be freed; he will not die in the dungeon, and his bread will not be lacking.

15For I am the LORD your God who stirs up the sea so that its waves roar—the LORD of Hosts is His name.

16I have put My words in your mouth, and covered you with the shadow of My hand, to establish the heavens, to found the earth, and to say to Zion, ‘You are My people.’”

17Awake, awake! Rise up, O Jerusalem, you who have drunk from the hand of the LORD the cup of His fury; you who have drained the goblet to the dregs—the cup that makes men stagger.

18Among all the sons she bore, there is no one to guide her; among all the sons she brought up, there is no one to take her hand.

19These pairs have befallen you: devastation and destruction, famine and sword. Who will grieve for you? Who can comfort you?

20Your sons have fainted; they lie at the head of every street, like an antelope in a net. They are full of the wrath of the LORD, the rebuke of your God.

21Therefore now hear this, you afflicted one, drunken, but not with wine.

22Thus says your Lord, the LORD, even your God, who defends His people: “See, I have removed from your hand the cup of staggering. From that goblet, the cup of My fury, you will never drink again.

23I will place it in the hands of your tormentors, who told you: ‘Lie down, so we can walk over you,’ so that you made your back like the ground, like a street to be traversed.”

1Hearken to me, ye that follow after righteousness, ye that seek the LORD: look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence ye are digged.

2Look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bare you: for I called him alone, and blessed him, and increased him.

3For the LORD shall comfort Zion: he will comfort all her waste places; and he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the LORD; joy and gladness shall be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody.

4Hearken unto me, my people; and give ear unto me, O my nation: for a law shall proceed from me, and I will make my judgment to rest for a light of the people.

5My righteousness is near; my salvation is gone forth, and mine arms shall judge the people; the isles shall wait upon me, and on mine arm shall they trust.

6Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look upon the earth beneath: for the heavens shall vanish away like smoke, and the earth shall wax old like a garment, and they that dwell therein shall die in like manner: but my salvation shall be for ever, and my righteousness shall not be abolished.

7Hearken unto me, ye that know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my law; fear ye not the reproach of men, neither be ye afraid of their revilings.

8For the moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like wool: but my righteousness shall be for ever, and my salvation from generation to generation.

9Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD; awake, as in the ancient days, in the generations of old. Art thou not it that hath cut Rahab, and wounded the dragon?

10Art thou not it which hath dried the sea, the waters of the great deep; that hath made the depths of the sea a way for the ransomed to pass over?

11Therefore the redeemed of the LORD shall return, and come with singing unto Zion; and everlasting joy shall be upon their head: they shall obtain gladness and joy; and sorrow and mourning shall flee away.

12I, even I, am he that comforteth you: who art thou, that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son of man which shall be made as grass;

13And forgettest the LORD thy maker, that hath stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth; and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor, as if he were ready to destroy? and where is the fury of the oppressor?

14The captive exile hasteneth that he may be loosed, and that he should not die in the pit, nor that his bread should fail.

15But I am the LORD thy God, that divided the sea, whose waves roared: The LORD of hosts is his name.

16And I have put my words in thy mouth, and I have covered thee in the shadow of mine hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and say unto Zion, Thou art my people.

17Awake, awake, stand up, O Jerusalem, which hast drunk at the hand of the LORD the cup of his fury; thou hast drunken the dregs of the cup of trembling, and wrung them out.

18There is none to guide her among all the sons whom she hath brought forth; neither is there any that taketh her by the hand of all the sons that she hath brought up.

19These two things are come unto thee; who shall be sorry for thee? desolation, and destruction, and the famine, and the sword: by whom shall I comfort thee?

20Thy sons have fainted, they lie at the head of all the streets, as a wild bull in a net: they are full of the fury of the LORD, the rebuke of thy God.

21Therefore hear now this, thou afflicted, and drunken, but not with wine:

22Thus saith thy Lord the LORD, and thy God that pleadeth the cause of his people, Behold, I have taken out of thine hand the cup of trembling, even the dregs of the cup of my fury; thou shalt no more drink it again:

23But I will put it into the hand of them that afflict thee; which have said to thy soul, Bow down, that we may go over: and thou hast laid thy body as the ground, and as the street, to them that went over.

1Hearken to me, ye that follow after righteousness, ye that seek Jehovah: look unto the rock whence ye were hewn, and to the hold of the pit whence ye were digged.

2Look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bare you; for when he was but one I called him, and I blessed him, and made him many.

3For Jehovah hath comforted Zion; he hath comforted all her waste places, and hath made her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of Jehovah; joy and gladness shall be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody.

4Attend unto me, O my people; and give ear unto me, O my nation: for a law shall go forth from me, and I will establish my justice for a light of the peoples.

5My righteousness is near, my salvation is gone forth, and mine arms shall judge the peoples; the isles shall wait for me, and on mine arm shall they trust.

6Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look upon the earth beneath; for the heavens shall vanish away like smoke, and the earth shall wax old like a garment; and they that dwell therein shall die in like manner: but my salvation shall be for ever, and my righteousness shall not be abolished.

7Hearken unto me, ye that know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my law; fear ye not the reproach of men, neither be ye dismayed at their revilings.

8For the moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like wool; but my righteousness shall be for ever, and my salvation unto all generations.

9Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of Jehovah; awake, as in the days of old, the generations of ancient times. Is it not thou that didst cut Rahab in pieces, that didst pierce the monster?

10Is it not thou that driedst up the sea, the waters of the great deep; that madest the depths of the sea a way for the redeemed to pass over?

11And the ransomed of Jehovah shall return, and come with singing unto Zion; and everlasting joy shall be upon their heads: they shall obtain gladness and joy; [and] sorrow and sighing shall flee away.

12I, even I, am he that comforteth you: who art thou, that thou art afraid of man that shall die, and of the son of man that shall be made as grass;

13and hast forgotten Jehovah thy Maker, that stretched forth the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth; and fearest continually all the day because of the fury of the oppressor, when he maketh ready to destroy? and where is the fury of the oppressor?

14The captive exile shall speedily be loosed; and he shall not die [and go down] into the pit, neither shall his bread fail.

15For I am Jehovah thy God, who stirreth up the sea, so that the waves thereof roar: Jehovah of hosts is his name.

16And I have put my words in thy mouth, and have covered thee in the shadow of my hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and say unto Zion, Thou art my people.

17Awake, awake, stand up, O Jerusalem, that hast drunk at the hand of Jehovah the cup of his wrath; thou hast drunken the bowl of the cup of staggering, and drained it.

18There is none to guide her among all the sons whom she hath brought forth; neither is there any that taketh her by the hand among all the sons that she hath brought up.

19These two things are befallen thee, who shall bemoan thee? desolation and destruction, and the famine and the sword; how shall I comfort thee?

20Thy sons have fainted, they lie at the head of all the streets, as an antelope in a net; they are full of the wrath of Jehovah, the rebuke of thy God.

21Therefore hear now this, thou afflicted, and drunken, but now with wine:

22Thus saith thy Lord Jehovah, and thy God that pleadeth the cause of his people, Behold, I have taken out of thy hand the cup of staggering, even the bowl of the cup of my wrath; thou shalt no more drink it again:

23and I will put it into the hand of them that afflict thee, that have said to thy soul, Bow down, that we may go over; and thou hast laid thy back as the ground, and as the street, to them that go over.

1“Listen to me, you who pursue godliness, who seek the Lord. Look at the rock from which you were chiseled, at the quarry from which you were dug.

2Look at Abraham, your father, and Sarah, who gave you birth. When I summoned him, he was a lone individual, but I blessed him and gave him numerous descendants.

3Certainly the Lord will console Zion; he will console all her ruins. He will make her wilderness like Eden, her arid rift valley like the garden of the Lord. Happiness and joy will be restored to her, thanksgiving and the sound of music.

4Pay attention to me, my people. Listen to me, my people! For I will issue a decree, I will make my justice a light to the nations.

5I am ready to vindicate, I am ready to deliver, I will establish justice among the nations. The coastlands wait patiently for me; they wait in anticipation for the revelation of my power.

6Look up at the sky. Look at the earth below. For the sky will dissipate like smoke, and the earth will wear out like clothes; its residents will die like gnats. But the deliverance I give is permanent; the vindication I provide will not disappear.

7Listen to me, you who know what is right, you people who are aware of my law. Don’t be afraid of the insults of men; don’t be discouraged because of their abuse.

8For a moth will eat away at them like clothes; a clothes moth will devour them like wool. But the vindication I provide will be permanent; the deliverance I give will last.”

9Wake up! Wake up! Clothe yourself with strength, O arm of the Lord! Wake up as in former times, as in antiquity. Did you not smash the Proud One? Did you not wound the sea monster?

10Did you not dry up the sea, the waters of the great deep? Did you not make a path through the depths of the sea, so those delivered from bondage could cross over?

11Those whom the Lord has ransomed will return; they will enter Zion with a happy shout. Unending joy will crown them, happiness and joy will overwhelm them; grief and suffering will disappear.

12“I, I am the one who consoles you. Why are you afraid of mortal men, of mere human beings who are as short-lived as grass?

13Why do you forget the Lord, who made you, who stretched out the sky and founded the earth? Why do you constantly tremble all day long at the anger of the oppressor, when he makes plans to destroy? Where is the anger of the oppressor?

14The one who suffers will soon be released; he will not die in prison, he will not go hungry.

15I am the Lord your God, who churns up the sea so that its waves surge. The Lord of Heaven’s Armies is his name!

16“I commission you as my spokesman; I cover you with the palm of my hand to establish the sky and to found the earth, to say to Zion, ‘You are my people.’”

17Wake up! Wake up! Get up, O Jerusalem! You drank from the cup the Lord passed to you, which was full of his anger. You drained dry the goblet full of intoxicating wine.

18There was no one to lead her among all the children she bore; there was no one to take her by the hand among all the children she raised.

19These double disasters confronted you. But who feels sorry for you? Destruction and devastation, famine and sword. But who consoles you?

20Your children faint; they lie at the head of every street like an antelope in a snare. They are left in a stupor by the Lord’s anger, by the battle cry of your God.

21So listen to this, oppressed one, who is drunk, but not from wine.

22This is what your Sovereign Lord, even your God who judges his people says: “Look, I have removed from your hand the cup of intoxicating wine, the goblet full of my anger. You will no longer have to drink it.

23I will put it into the hand of your tormentors who said to you, ‘Lie down, so we can walk over you.’ You made your back like the ground and like the street for those who walked over you.”

1“Listen to me, you who follow after righteousness, you who seek Yahweh: look to the rock you were cut from, and to the quarry you were dug from.

2Look to Abraham your father, and to Sarah who bore you; for when he was but one I called him, and I blessed him, and made him many.

3For Yahweh has comforted Zion. He has comforted all her waste places, and has made her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of Yahweh. Joy and gladness will be found therein, thanksgiving, and the voice of melody.

4“Listen to me, my people; and hear me, my nation: for a law will go out from me, and I will establish my justice for a light to the peoples.

5My righteousness is near. My salvation has gone out, and my arms will judge the peoples. The islands will wait for me, and they will trust my arm.

6Lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look on the earth beneath; for the heavens will vanish away like smoke, and the earth will wear out like a garment; and its inhabitants will die in the same way: but my salvation will be forever, and my righteousness will not be abolished.

7“Listen to me, you who know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my law: Don’t fear the reproach of men, and don’t be dismayed at their insults.

8For the moth will eat them up like a garment, and the worm will eat them like wool; but my righteousness will be forever, and my salvation to all generations.”

9Awake, awake, put on strength, arm of Yahweh! Awake, as in the days of old, the generations of ancient times. Isn’t it you who cut Rahab in pieces, who pierced the monster?

10Isn’t it you who dried up the sea, the waters of the great deep; who made the depths of the sea a way for the redeemed to pass over?

11Those ransomed by Yahweh will return, and come with singing to Zion; and everlasting joy shall be on their heads. They will obtain gladness and joy. Sorrow and sighing shall flee away.

12“I, even I, am he who comforts you. Who are you, that you are afraid of man who shall die, and of the son of man who will be made as grass?

13Have you forgotten Yahweh your Maker, who stretched out the heavens, and laid the foundations of the earth? Do you live in fear continually all day because of the fury of the oppressor, when he prepares to destroy? Where is the fury of the oppressor?

14The captive exile will speedily be freed; and he will not die and go down into the pit, and his bread will not fail.

15For I am Yahweh your God, who stirs up the sea, so that its waves roar: Yahweh of Armies is his name.

16I have put my words in your mouth, and have covered you in the shadow of my hand, that I may plant the heavens, and lay the foundations of the earth, and tell Zion, ‘You are my people.’”

17Awake, awake! Stand up, Jerusalem, you who have drunk from Yahweh’s hand the cup of his wrath. You have drunken the bowl of the cup of staggering, and drained it.

18There is no one to guide her among all the sons to whom she has given birth; and there is no one who takes her by the hand among all the sons who she has brought up.

19These two things have happened to you— who will grieve with you?— desolation and destruction, and famine and the sword. How can I comfort you?

20Your sons have fainted. They lie at the head of all the streets, like an antelope in a net. They are full of the Yahweh’s wrath, the rebuke of your God.

21Therefore now hear this, you afflicted, and drunken, but not with wine:

22Thus says your Lord Yahweh, your God who pleads the cause of his people, “Behold, I have taken out of your hand the cup of staggering, even the bowl of the cup of my wrath. You will not drink it any more:

23and I will put it into the hand of those who afflict you, who have said to your soul, ‘Bow down, that we may walk over you;’ and you have laid your back as the ground, like a street to those who walk over.”

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

Isaiah calls three times for those pursuing righteousness to listen, pointing them back to Abraham and Sarah as proof that God can take one person and multiply them into a great people (vv. 1-2). He promises that the LORD will comfort Zion's ruins and turn her wilderness into a garden, because his righteousness and salvation are near and will last forever, even after the heavens and earth wear out (vv. 3-8). The people cry out for God's arm to awaken and act as it did when it dried up the sea for the exodus generation to cross (vv. 9-11). God responds with sympathy but also authority, reminding them that he is their comforter and that a mere human oppressor is nothing to fear (vv. 12-16). Finally he calls Jerusalem itself to wake up and rise, promising to remove the cup of his wrath from her hand and place it instead into the hands of her tormentors (vv. 17-23).

Authorship & Background

Author: Isaiah son of Amoz (see Chapter 1 notes for full details).
Classification: Prophetic Salvation Oracle
Key Themes: Look to your origins (Abraham/Sarah), God's comfort for Zion, everlasting salvation, "Awake, awake" (calling God and Zion to action), the cup of wrath transferred from Israel to her enemies, Rahab/the sea-dragon defeated
Historical Context: Chapter 51 builds toward the climactic liberation of 52:1-12. Three "listen" sections address those who pursue righteousness (v.1), God's people (v.4), and those who know righteousness (v.7). The central appeal is memory: look to Abraham (one man became a nation — so God can multiply again). The "Awake" cry (v.9) recalls God's victory over Rahab (Egypt) at the Red Sea — do it again! God answers with His own "Awake" to Jerusalem (v.17; continued in 52:1): the cup of staggering is taken away.
Look unto Abraham (vv.1-3): Hearken to me, ye that follow after righteousness, look unto the rock whence ye are hewn, and to the hole of the pit whence ye are digged. Then the rock is identified and it is a person, look unto Abraham your father, and unto Sarah that bare you, for I called him alone, and blessed him, and increased him. The argument is arithmetical and it is aimed at a small and discouraged community: the nation began with one childless couple. And the promise is horticultural, he will make her wilderness like Eden, and her desert like the garden of the LORD.
My Righteousness Is Near (vv.4-6): Hearken unto me, my people, and give ear unto me, O my nation, for I will make my judgment to rest for a light of the people. Then a comparison of durabilities, lift up your eyes to the heavens, and look upon the earth beneath, for the heavens shall vanish away like smoke, and the earth shall wax old like a garment. Against that, my salvation shall be for ever, and my righteousness shall not be abolished. The two things a person would call permanent are the two things named as temporary.
Fear Ye Not the Reproach of Men (vv.7-8): Hearken unto me, ye that know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my law, fear ye not the reproach of men, neither be ye afraid of their revilings. The threat being dismissed is verbal rather than military, which suits a community under contempt rather than under siege. And the reason is the grass argument of 40:6 in a domestic form, for the moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like wool.
Awake, O Arm of the LORD (vv.9-11): Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of the LORD, awake, as in the ancient days. The prayer wakes God rather than the people, which reverses the imperatives of the next chapter, and the precedent it cites is mythological and historical at once, art thou not it that hath cut Rahab, and wounded the dragon, art thou not it which hath dried the sea. Rahab is the sea monster of Job 26 and Psalm 89, and the same sentence goes straight on to the exodus, so the two are treated as one act. And the section closes with 35:10 quoted word for word, and sorrow and mourning shall flee away.
I, Even I, Am He That Comforteth You (vv.12-16): I, even I, am he that comforteth you, who art thou that thou shouldest be afraid of a man that shall die, and of the son of man which shall be made as grass. The question is put as a matter of proportion. Then the diagnosis of what fear does to memory, and forgettest the LORD thy maker, and hast feared continually every day because of the fury of the oppressor. And a clause that answers the fear with an absence, where is the fury of the oppressor. The section closes with words put in the prophet's mouth, I have put my words in thy mouth, and have covered thee in the shadow of mine hand.
The Cup Taken Out of Thy Hand (vv.17-23): Awake, awake, stand up, O Jerusalem, which hast drunk at the hand of the LORD the cup of his fury. The cup of Jeremiah 25 and Ezekiel 23 is here in the hand of Jerusalem herself and she is described as drunk in the street with nobody to help her up. Then the reversal, and it is a transfer rather than a cancellation, behold, I have taken out of thine hand the cup of trembling, thou shalt no more drink it again, and I will put it into the hand of them that afflict thee. And the reason those are named is quoted, they that have said to thy soul, Bow down, that we may go over, and thou hast laid thy body as the ground, and as the street, to them that went over.

Map & Geography

  • Zion (v.3, v.11, v.16): The hill on which Jerusalem/the Temple stood; often used poetically for God's dwelling.
  • Jerusalem (v.17): Capital of Judah; the holy city where the Temple stood.

Places on this map

  • JerusalemJerusalemA hill town about 2,500 feet up in the central spine of Judah, roughly 35 miles inland from the Mediterranean and 15 miles west of the Jordan. It sits on no trade route and has no river, which is why it mattered as a fortress and a sanctuary rather than as a market. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Isaiah 51 - Bible Study, Explanation, and Application
2BeLikeChrist

Listen to Me - Isaiah 51:1-3
David Guzik

Articles

  • BibleProject: bibleproject.com On the whole book: the promised king who runs through Isaiah from beginning to end.
  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Isaiah -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Look to Abraham: One Became Many (vv.1-2) — Isaiah tells those pursuing righteousness to look back to Abraham and Sarah, one couple whom God multiplied into a nation. When your situation looks too small or barren for God to work with, do you remember He specializes in multiplying "one" into "many"?
  • An Everlasting Salvation (v.6) — The heavens will vanish like smoke and the earth wear out like a garment, but God's salvation and righteousness will never end. Are you building your life on something as lasting as His salvation, or on things already wearing thin?
  • Don't Fear Man's Reproach (v.7) — Those who know righteousness are told not to fear insults or be broken by mockery, because the people mocking them will fade like a moth-eaten garment. Whose opinion carries more weight in your decisions right now — a mortal critic's or God's?
  • Calling on God to Act Again (v.9) — Israel cries out for the arm of the Lord to awake, appealing to the same power that cut down Egypt and dried up the sea. When you need God to move, do you remind yourself of what He's already done, or does the memory fade?
  • Why Fear a Man Who Dies? (v.12) — God asks why His people fear mortal man and forget the Lord who made them and stretched out the heavens. What fear in your life would shrink if you measured it against the God who made the person or problem you're afraid of?
  • The Cup Removed (v.22) — God promises to take the cup of staggering out of His people's hand — the discipline they've been drinking will not last forever. If you're in a season of discipline or consequence, can you trust there's a "no more" moment coming?