Isaiah — Chapter 31

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1Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, who rely on horses, who trust in their abundance of chariots and in their multitude of horsemen. They do not look to the Holy One of Israel; they do not seek the LORD.

2Yet He too is wise and brings disaster; He does not call back His words. He will rise up against the house of the wicked and against the allies of evildoers.

3But the Egyptians are men, not God; their horses are flesh, not spirit. When the LORD stretches out His hand, the helper will stumble, and the one he helps will fall; both will perish together.

4For this is what the LORD has said to me: “Like a lion roaring or a young lion over its prey—and though a band of shepherds is called out against it, it is not terrified by their shouting or subdued by their clamor—so the LORD of Hosts will come down to do battle on Mount Zion and its heights.

5Like birds hovering overhead, so the LORD of Hosts will protect Jerusalem. He will shield it and deliver it; He will pass over it and preserve it.”

6Return to the One against whom you have so blatantly rebelled, O children of Israel.

7For on that day, every one of you will reject the idols of silver and gold that your own hands have sinfully made.

8“Then Assyria will fall, but not by the sword of man; a sword will devour them, but not one made by mortals. They will flee before the sword, and their young men will be put to forced labor.

9Their rock will pass away for fear, and their princes will panic at the sight of the battle standard,” declares the LORD, whose fire is in Zion, whose furnace is in Jerusalem.

1Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help; and stay on horses, and trust in chariots, because they are many; and in horsemen, because they are very strong; but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek the LORD!

2Yet he also is wise, and will bring evil, and will not call back his words: but will arise against the house of the evildoers, and against the help of them that work iniquity.

3Now the Egyptians are men, and not God; and their horses flesh, and not spirit. When the LORD shall stretch out his hand, both he that helpeth shall fall, and he that is holpen shall fall down, and they all shall fail together.

4For thus hath the LORD spoken unto me, Like as the lion and the young lion roaring on his prey, when a multitude of shepherds is called forth against him, he will not be afraid of their voice, nor abase himself for the noise of them: so shall the LORD of hosts come down to fight for mount Zion, and for the hill thereof.

5As birds flying, so will the LORD of hosts defend Jerusalem; defending also he will deliver it; and passing over he will preserve it.

6Turn ye unto him from whom the children of Israel have deeply revolted.

7For in that day every man shall cast away his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which your own hands have made unto you for a sin.

8Then shall the Assyrian fall with the sword, not of a mighty man; and the sword, not of a mean man, shall devour him: but he shall flee from the sword, and his young men shall be discomfited.

9And he shall pass over to his strong hold for fear, and his princes shall be afraid of the ensign, saith the LORD, whose fire is in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem.

1Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots because they are many, and in horsemen because they are very strong, but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel, neither seek Jehovah!

2Yet he also is wise, and will bring evil, and will not call back his words, but will arise against the house of the evil-doers, and against the help of them that work iniquity.

3Now the Egyptians are men, and not God; and their horses flesh, and not spirit: and when Jehovah shall stretch out his hand, both he that helpeth shall stumble, and he that is helped shall fall, and they all shall be consumed together.

4For thus saith Jehovah unto me, As the lion and the young lion growling over his prey, if a multitude of shepherds be called forth against him, will not be dismayed at their voice, nor abase himself for the noise of them: so will Jehovah of hosts come down to fight upon mount Zion, and upon the hill thereof.

5As birds hovering, so will Jehovah of hosts protect Jerusalem; he will protect and deliver [it], he will pass over and preserve [it].

6Turn ye unto him from whom ye have deeply revolted, O children of Israel.

7For in that day they shall cast away every man his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which your own hands have made unto you for a sin.

8And the Assyrian shall fall by the sword, not of man; and the sword, not of men, shall devour him; and he shall flee from the sword, and his young men shall become subject to taskwork.

9And his rock shall pass away by reason of terror, and his princes shall be dismayed at the ensign, saith Jehovah, whose fire is in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem.

1Those who go down to Egypt for help are as good as dead; those who rely on war horses and trust in Egypt’s many chariots and in their many, many horsemen. But they do not rely on the Holy One of Israel and do not seek help from the Lord.

2Yet he too is wise and he will bring disaster; he does not retract his decree. He will attack the wicked nation and the nation that helps those who commit sin.

3The Egyptians are mere humans, not God; their horses are made of flesh, not spirit. The Lord will strike with his hand; the one who helps will stumble and the one being helped will fall. Together they will perish.

4Indeed, this is what the Lord has said to me: “The Lord will be like a growling lion, like a young lion growling over its prey. Though a whole group of shepherds gathers against it, it is not afraid of their shouts or intimidated by their yelling. In this same way the Lord of Heaven’s Armies will descend to do battle on Mount Zion and on its hill.

5Just as birds hover over a nest, so the Lord of Heaven’s Armies will protect Jerusalem. He will protect and deliver it; as he passes over he will rescue it.”

6You Israelites! Return to the one you have so blatantly rebelled against!

7For at that time every one will get rid of the silver and gold idols your hands sinfully made.

8“Assyria will fall by a sword, but not one human made; a sword not made by humankind will destroy them. They will run away from this sword and their young men will be forced to do hard labor.

9They will surrender their stronghold because of fear; their officers will be afraid of the Lord’s battle flag.” This is what the Lord says— the one whose fire is in Zion, whose firepot is in Jerusalem.

1Woe to those who go down to Egypt for help, and rely on horses, and trust in chariots because they are many, and in horsemen because they are very strong, but they don’t look to the Holy One of Israel, and they don’t seek Yahweh!

2Yet he also is wise, and will bring disaster, and will not call back his words, but will arise against the house of the evildoers, and against the help of those who work iniquity.

3Now the Egyptians are men, and not God; and their horses flesh, and not spirit. When Yahweh stretches out his hand, both he who helps shall stumble, and he who is helped shall fall, and they all shall be consumed together.

4For Yahweh says to me, “As the lion and the young lion growling over his prey, if a multitude of shepherds is called together against him, will not be dismayed at their voice, nor abase himself for their noise, so Yahweh of Armies will come down to fight on Mount Zion and on its heights.

5As birds hovering, so Yahweh of Armies will protect Jerusalem. He will protect and deliver it. He will pass over and preserve it.”

6Return to him from whom you have deeply revolted, children of Israel.

7For in that day everyone shall cast away his idols of silver and his idols of gold—sin which your own hands have made for you.

8“The Assyrian will fall by the sword, not of man; and the sword, not of mankind, shall devour him. He will flee from the sword, and his young men will become subject to forced labor.

9His rock will pass away by reason of terror, and his princes will be afraid of the banner,” says Yahweh, whose fire is in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

Isaiah pronounces judgment on those who run to Egypt for military help, trusting horses and chariots instead of seeking the Lord (v. 1). God, who is also wise, will bring the disaster he has promised against both the evildoers and their allies (v. 2), reminding them that the Egyptians are merely human and their horses flesh, not spirit — so when he acts, helper and helped will stumble together (v. 3). Like a lion guarding its prey, undeterred by a crowd of shepherds, the Lord will come down to fight for Mount Zion, and like a bird hovering over its nest he will defend and rescue Jerusalem (vv. 4-5). Isaiah calls the deeply rebellious people to return to God and cast away the idols they made (vv. 6-7). Assyria will then fall as if by an unseen sword, its young men fleeing and its officers panicking at Zion's banner, because the Lord's fire burns in Zion and his furnace in Jerusalem (vv. 8-9).

Authorship & Background

Author: Isaiah son of Amoz (see Chapter 1 notes for full details).
Classification: Prophetic Woe Oracle — Fourth Woe (chs. 28-33)
Key Themes: The folly of trusting Egypt's military, horses vs. the Holy Spirit, God as a lion defending His prey, God as protective birds over Jerusalem, the call to turn from idols, Assyria's supernatural defeat
Historical Context: This short, powerful chapter continues the anti-Egypt polemic. Judah's military strategists wanted Egyptian cavalry ("horses") and chariot divisions — the ancient equivalent of tanks. Isaiah's point: Egypt is flesh (v.3) — mortal, finite, killable. God is spirit. You're trading the infinite for the finite. The LORD Himself will descend to fight on Mount Zion (v.4) — which was fulfilled when the angel of the LORD destroyed 185,000 Assyrians in one night (2 Kings 19:35, Isaiah 37:36).
Woe to Them That Go Down to Egypt (vv.1-3): Woe to them that go down to Egypt for help, and stay on horses, and trust in chariots because they are many, and in horsemen because they are very strong, but they look not unto the Holy One of Israel. Then a line that answers the assumption that this is naive, yet he also is wise, and will bring evil, and will not call back his words, which claims competence for the position the government has dismissed as unrealistic. And the argument closes on a physiological fact rather than a theological one, now the Egyptians are men, and not God, their horses flesh, and not spirit. The objection to the alliance is that the ally is mortal.
As a Lion, and as Birds Flying (vv.4-5): Two similes in two verses and they pull in opposite directions, which is the point. Like as the lion and the young lion roaring on his prey, when a multitude of shepherds is called forth against him, he will not be afraid of their voice, so shall the LORD of hosts come down to fight for mount Zion. Then immediately, as birds flying, so will the LORD of hosts defend Jerusalem, defending also he will deliver it, and passing over he will preserve it. A lion standing over a carcass and a bird hovering over a nest, offered together as the same protection. And the word rendered passing over is the Passover verb.
Turn Ye unto Him (vv.6-7): Turn ye unto him from whom the children of Israel have deeply revolted. What that turning looks like in practice is stated as disposal rather than as feeling, for in that day every man shall cast away his idols of silver, and his idols of gold, which your own hands have made unto you for a sin. The phrase which your own hands have made is doing the same work here as at 17:8: the disqualifying fact about the object is who manufactured it.
A Sword Not of Man (vv.8-9): Then shall the Assyrian fall with the sword, not of man, and the sword, not of man, shall devour him. The repetition is deliberate and it settles the argument of the whole chapter: if the enemy is not beaten by soldiers then Egyptian cavalry was never the relevant question. The rout is described from the officers down, and his princes shall be afraid of the ensign. And the last verse names where God keeps his equipment, whose fire is in Zion, and his furnace in Jerusalem, which is the Ariel of 29:1 read the other way round.

Map & Geography

  • Egypt (v.1): Land to the southwest; place of Israel's bondage and exodus.
  • Zion (v.4, v.9): The hill on which Jerusalem/the Temple stood; often used poetically for God's dwelling.
  • Jerusalem (v.5, v.9): Capital of Judah; the holy city where the Temple stood.

Places on this map

  • EgyptEgyptA ribbon of irrigated land along the Nile, ending in the Delta where Israel settled in Goshen. Rain-fed Canaan depended on weather; Egypt depended on a river that flooded on schedule, which made it the place everyone went when the harvest failed. Wikipedia
  • JerusalemJerusalemA hill town about 2,500 feet up in the central spine of Judah, roughly 35 miles inland from the Mediterranean and 15 miles west of the Jordan. It sits on no trade route and has no river, which is why it mattered as a fortress and a sanctuary rather than as a market. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Isaiah 31 - Bible Study, Explanation, and Application
2BeLikeChrist

Isaiah 30-33 | Wait for God | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Chariots, Horsemen, or the Lord? - Isaiah 31:1
David Guzik

Articles

  • BibleProject: bibleproject.com On the whole book: the promised king who runs through Isaiah from beginning to end.
  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Isaiah -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • Flesh, Not Spirit (v.3) — Isaiah reminds Judah that the Egyptians they're trusting are merely men, not God, flesh and not spirit. What human strength, institution, or plan are you quietly trusting the way Judah trusted Egypt's horses?
  • Fierce and Tender at Once (vv.4-5) — God's protection is compared both to a lion defending its prey and to birds hovering gently over their young. Do you tend to picture God as only fierce or only gentle, and how might you need both right now?
  • Deliverance Paired with Repentance (vv.6-7) — In the same breath as promising rescue, God calls the people to turn from the idols they had made with their own hands. What would it look like for you to abandon something you've built your security on, alongside trusting God to protect you?
  • A Victory Not of Man (vv.8-9) — Assyria's defeat comes by a sword that is not human, a purely supernatural act. Where in your life do you need to stop calculating whether your own resources are enough and simply trust God to act?