Isaiah — Chapter 23

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1This is the burden against Tyre: Wail, O ships of Tarshish, for Tyre is laid waste, without house or harbor. Word has reached them from the land of Cyprus.

2Be silent, O dwellers of the coastland, you merchants of Sidon, whose traders have crossed the sea.

3On the great waters came the grain of Shihor; the harvest of the Nile was the revenue of Tyre; she was the merchant of the nations.

4Be ashamed, O Sidon, the stronghold of the sea, for the sea has spoken: “I have not been in labor or given birth. I have not raised young men or brought up young women.”

5When the report reaches Egypt, they will writhe in agony over the news of Tyre.

6Cross over to Tarshish; wail, O inhabitants of the coastland!

7Is this your jubilant city, whose origin is from antiquity, whose feet have taken her to settle far away?

8Who planned this against Tyre, the bestower of crowns, whose traders are princes, whose merchants are renowned on the earth?

9The LORD of Hosts planned it, to defile all its glorious beauty, to disgrace all the renowned of the earth.

10Cultivate your land like the Nile, O Daughter of Tarshish; there is no longer a harbor.

11The LORD has stretched out His hand over the sea; He has made kingdoms tremble. He has given a command that the strongholds of Canaan be destroyed.

12He said, “You shall rejoice no more, O oppressed Virgin Daughter of Sidon. Get up and cross over to Cyprus—even there you will find no rest.”

13Look at the land of the Chaldeans—a people now of no account. The Assyrians destined it for the desert creatures; they set up their siege towers and stripped its palaces. They brought it to ruin.

14Wail, O ships of Tarshish, for your harbor has been destroyed!

15At that time Tyre will be forgotten for seventy years—the span of a king’s life. But at the end of seventy years, it will happen to Tyre as in the song of the harlot:

16“Take up your harp, stroll through the city, O forgotten harlot. Make sweet melody, sing many a song, so you will be remembered.”

17And at the end of seventy years, the LORD will restore Tyre. Then she will return to hire as a prostitute and sell herself to all the kingdoms on the face of the earth.

18Yet her profits and wages will be set apart to the LORD; they will not be stored or saved, for her profit will go to those who live before the LORD, for abundant food and fine clothing.

1The burden of Tyre. Howl, ye ships of Tarshish; for it is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in: from the land of Chittim it is revealed to them.

2Be still, ye inhabitants of the isle; thou whom the merchants of Zidon, that pass over the sea, have replenished.

3And by great waters the seed of Sihor, the harvest of the river, is her revenue; and she is a mart of nations.

4Be thou ashamed, O Zidon: for the sea hath spoken, even the strength of the sea, saying, I travail not, nor bring forth children, neither do I nourish up young men, nor bring up virgins.

5As at the report concerning Egypt, so shall they be sorely pained at the report of Tyre.

6Pass ye over to Tarshish; howl, ye inhabitants of the isle.

7Is this your joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient days? her own feet shall carry her afar off to sojourn.

8Who hath taken this counsel against Tyre, the crowning city, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable of the earth?

9The LORD of hosts hath purposed it, to stain the pride of all glory, and to bring into contempt all the honourable of the earth.

10Pass through thy land as a river, O daughter of Tarshish: there is no more strength.

11He stretched out his hand over the sea, he shook the kingdoms: the LORD hath given a commandment against the merchant city, to destroy the strong holds thereof.

12And he said, Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed virgin, daughter of Zidon: arise, pass over to Chittim; there also shalt thou have no rest.

13Behold the land of the Chaldeans; this people was not, til the Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness: they set up the towers thereof, they raised up the palaces thereof; and he brought it to ruin.

14Howl, ye ships of Tarshish: for your strength is laid waste.

15And it shall come to pass in that day, that Tyre shall be forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king: after the end of seventy years shall Tyre sing as an harlot.

16Take an harp, go about the city, thou harlot that hast been forgotten; make sweet melody, sing many songs, that thou mayest be remembered.

17And it shall come to pass after the end of seventy years, that the LORD will visit Tyre, and she shall turn to her hire, and shall commit fornication with all the kingdoms of the world upon the face of the earth.

18And her merchandise and her hire shall be holiness to the LORD: it shall not be treasured nor laid up; for her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the LORD, to eat sufficiently, and for durable clothing.

1The burden of Tyre. Howl, ye ships of Tarshish; for it is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in: from the land of Kittim it is revealed to them.

2Be still, ye inhabitants of the coast, thou whom the merchants of Sidon, that pass over the sea, have replenished.

3And on great waters the seed of the Shihor, the harvest of the Nile, was her revenue; and she was the mart of nations.

4Be thou ashamed, O Sidon; for the sea hath spoken, the stronghold of the sea, saying, I have not travailed, nor brought forth, neither have I nourished young men, nor brought up virgins.

5When the report cometh to Egypt, they shall be sorely pained at the report of Tyre.

6Pass ye over to Tarshish; wail, ye inhabitants of the coast.

7Is this your joyous [city], whose antiquity is of ancient days, whose feet carried her afar off to sojourn?

8Who hath purposed this against Tyre, the bestower of crowns, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honorable of the earth?

9Jehovah of hosts hath purposed it, to stain the pride of all glory, to bring into contempt all the honorable of the earth.

10Pass through thy land as the Nile, O daughter of Tarshish; there is no restraint any more.

11He hath stretched out his hand over the sea, he hath shaken the kingdoms: Jehovah hath given commandment concerning Canaan, to destroy the strongholds thereof.

12And he said, Thou shalt no more rejoice, O thou oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon: arise, pass over to Kittim; even there shalt thou have no rest.

13Behold, the land of the Chaldeans: this people was not; the Assyrian founded it for them that dwell in the wilderness; they set up their towers; they overthrew the palaces thereof; they made it a ruin.

14Howl, ye ships of Tarshish; for your stronghold is laid waste.

15And it shall come to pass in that day, that Tyre shall be forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king: after the end of seventy years it shall be unto Tyre as in the song of the harlot.

16Take a harp, go about the city, thou harlot that hast been forgotten; make sweet melody, sing many songs, that thou mayest be remembered.

17And it shall come to pass after the end of seventy years, that Jehovah will visit Tyre, and she shall return to her hire, and shall play the harlot with all the kingdoms of the world upon the face of the earth.

18And her merchandise and her hire shall be holiness to Jehovah: it shall not be treasured nor laid up; for her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before Jehovah, to eat sufficiently, and for durable clothing.

1This is an oracle about Tyre: Wail, you large ships, for the port is too devastated to enter! From the land of Cyprus this news is announced to them.

2Lament, you residents of the coast, you merchants of Sidon who travel over the sea, whose agents sail over

3the deep waters. Grain from the Shihor region, crops grown near the Nile she receives; she is the trade center of the nations.

4Be ashamed, O Sidon, for the sea says this, O fortress of the sea: “I have not gone into labor or given birth; I have not raised young men or brought up young women.”

5When the news reaches Egypt, they will be shaken by what has happened to Tyre.

6Travel to Tarshish! Wail, you residents of the coast!

7Is this really your boisterous city whose origins are in the distant past and whose feet led her to a distant land to reside?

8Who planned this for royal Tyre, whose merchants are princes, whose traders are the dignitaries of the earth?

9The Lord of Heaven’s Armies planned it— to dishonor the pride that comes from all her beauty, to humiliate all the dignitaries of the earth.

10Daughter Tarshish, travel back to your land, as one crosses the Nile; there is no longer any marketplace in Tyre.

11The Lord stretched out his hand over the sea, he shook kingdoms; he gave the order to destroy Canaan’s fortresses.

12He said, “You will no longer celebrate, oppressed virgin daughter Sidon! Get up, travel to Cyprus, but you will find no relief there.”

13Look at the land of the Chaldeans, these people who have lost their identity! The Assyrians have made it a home for wild animals. They erected their siege towers, demolished its fortresses, and turned it into a heap of ruins.

14Wail, you large ships, for your fortress is destroyed!

15At that time Tyre will be forgotten for 70 years, the typical life span of a king. At the end of 70 years Tyre will try to attract attention again, like the prostitute in the popular song:

16“Take the harp, go through the city, forgotten prostitute! Play it well, play lots of songs, so you’ll be noticed.”

17At the end of 70 years the Lord will revive Tyre. She will start making money again by selling her services to all the earth’s kingdoms.

18Her profits and earnings will be set apart for the Lord. They will not be stored up or accumulated, for her profits will be given to those who live in the Lord’s presence and will be used to purchase large quantities of food and beautiful clothes.

1The burden of Tyre. Howl, you ships of Tarshish! For it is laid waste, so that there is no house, no entering in. From the land of Kittim it is revealed to them.

2Be still, you inhabitants of the coast, you whom the merchants of Sidon, that pass over the sea, have replenished.

3On great waters, the seed of the Shihor, the harvest of the Nile, was her revenue. She was the market of nations.

4Be ashamed, Sidon; for the sea has spoken, the stronghold of the sea, saying, “I have not travailed, nor given birth, neither have I nourished young men, nor brought up virgins.”

5When the report comes to Egypt, they will be in anguish at the report of Tyre.

6Pass over to Tarshish! Wail, you inhabitants of the coast!

7Is this your joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient days, whose feet carried her far away to travel?

8Who has planned this against Tyre, the giver of crowns, whose merchants are princes, whose traders are the honorable of the earth?

9Yahweh of Armies has planned it, to stain the pride of all glory, to bring into contempt all the honorable of the earth.

10Pass through your land like the Nile, daughter of Tarshish. There is no restraint any more.

11He has stretched out his hand over the sea. He has shaken the kingdoms. Yahweh has ordered the destruction of Canaan’s strongholds.

12He said, “You shall rejoice no more, you oppressed virgin daughter of Sidon. Arise, pass over to Kittim. Even there you will have no rest.”

13Behold, the land of the Chaldeans. This people was not. The Assyrians founded it for those who dwell in the wilderness. They set up their towers. They overthrew its palaces. They made it a ruin.

14Howl, you ships of Tarshish, for your stronghold is laid waste!

15It will come to pass in that day that Tyre will be forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king. After the end of seventy years it will be to Tyre like in the song of the prostitute.

16Take a harp; go about the city, you prostitute that has been forgotten. Make sweet melody. Sing many songs, that you may be remembered.

17It will happen after the end of seventy years that Yahweh will visit Tyre, and she shall return to her wages, and will play the prostitute with all the kingdoms of the world on the surface of the earth.

18Her merchandise and her wages will be holiness to Yahweh. It will not be treasured nor laid up; for her merchandise will be for those who dwell before Yahweh, to eat sufficiently, and for durable clothing.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Articles
Reflection

Summary

Isaiah pronounces judgment on Tyre, the great trading power of Phoenicia, calling on the ships of Tarshish to wail because the harbor and its wealth are being wiped out (vv. 1-5). The proud city that once crowned its merchants like princes will be humbled, its markets scattered, its glory brought down as Egypt's had been before it (vv. 8-14). The chapter then adds an unusual twist: after seventy years of obscurity, Tyre will return to business much like a forgotten prostitute plying her trade again, but eventually its profits will be dedicated to the LORD instead of hoarded for itself (vv. 15-18).

Authorship & Background

Author: Isaiah son of Amoz (see Chapter 1 notes for full details).
Classification: Prophetic Oracle — Burden of Tyre
Key Themes: The fall of commercial pride, wealth as a false god, the 70-year desolation, Tyre as a "harlot" (commerce without God), the ultimate dedication of trade profits to God's purposes
Historical Context: Tyre was the greatest commercial city of the ancient Mediterranean — a Phoenician port city (in modern Lebanon) whose merchant fleet dominated sea trade. Its island fortress was considered impregnable. Tyre fell to various powers: Nebuchadnezzar besieged it for 13 years (585-572 BC), and Alexander the Great finally conquered the island city in 332 BC by building a causeway. The "70 years" (v.15) may correspond to the period of Babylonian dominance. This is the last of Isaiah's oracles against the nations (chs.13-23) — ending with the world's greatest commercial power.
Howl, Ye Ships of Tarshish (vv.1-5): The burden of Tyre, and the news reaches the fleet before it reaches the city, howl, ye ships of Tarshish, for it is laid waste. Merchant crews arriving from Cyprus find there is no port to unload at. What Tyre was is stated as commerce rather than conquest, whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourable of the earth, and the grain trade is named, the harvest of the river is her revenue. And Egypt is included in the mourning, because the loss of Tyre's shipping is a loss to everyone who sold through it.
Pass Over to Tarshish (vv.6-7): Pass ye over to Tarshish, howl, ye inhabitants of the isle. Tarshish is at the far western end of the Mediterranean, so what is being recommended is emigration to the other end of the known world. Then the question that measures how far the city has come down, is this your joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient days. Tyre was old when Jerusalem was young, and the oracle uses its age against it.
Who Hath Taken This Counsel (vv.8-9): Who hath taken this counsel against Tyre, the crowning city, whose merchants are princes. The question is asked and then answered in the next verse, the LORD of hosts hath purposed it, to stain the pride of all glory, and to bring into contempt all the honourable of the earth. The stated purpose is not punishment for a particular crime. It is the deflation of standing as such, which is the same argument chapter 2 made about everything tall.
The Colonies Cannot Help (vv.10-12): Pass through thy land as a river, O daughter of Tarshish, there is no more strength. Tyre's power rested on a network of colonies and trading partners around the Mediterranean, and the oracle removes them one clause at a time, he stretched out his hand over the sea, he shook the kingdoms, he hath given a commandment against the merchant city. And Cyprus is closed as a refuge, pass over to Chittim, there also shalt thou have no rest.
Behold the Land of the Chaldeans (vv.13-14): Behold the land of the Chaldeans, and the verse points at a precedent, he brought it to ruin. The argument is that what happened once to a great power can happen again, and the section closes by returning to the opening line so the oracle is framed by it, howl, ye ships of Tarshish, for your strength is laid waste.
Seventy Years, and the Hire Made Holy (vv.15-18): And it shall come to pass in that day, that Tyre shall be forgotten seventy years, according to the days of one king. Seventy years is the same span Jeremiah gives Babylon, and here it is a lifetime rather than a symbol. What follows is a strange and rather bleak picture of recovery, the city described as an aging singer taking up her harp again to be remembered, and its trade called hire. And then the turn, which is the last thing anybody would expect from these chapters, her merchandise shall be holiness to the LORD, it shall not be treasured nor laid up, for her merchandise shall be for them that dwell before the LORD, to eat sufficiently, and for durable clothing. The profits of the greatest trading city in the world end up as food and clothing for people who serve at the temple.

Map & Geography

  • Tyre (v.1, v.5, v.8): Phoenician port city on the Mediterranean coast.
  • Tarshish (v.1, v.6, v.10): Distant port city (possibly Spain); represents the farthest reaches of the known world.
  • Egypt (v.5): Land to the southwest; place of Israel's bondage and exodus.

Places on this map

  • TyreSour, LebanonOriginally an island fortress a half mile off the Phoenician coast, which is why it held out against Assyria and Babylon and only fell when Alexander built a causeway to it. That causeway silted up, and Tyre has been a peninsula ever since. Wikipedia
  • Mediterranean SeaCalled simply the Great Sea, and treated as the western edge of the world. Israel's coast has almost no natural harbours, so for most of its history the sea was a boundary rather than a road, and seafaring was left to the Phoenicians. Wikipedia
  • Tarshishprobably southern SpainUsually identified with Tartessos near the mouth of the Guadalquivir in southern Spain, at the far western end of the Phoenician trade routes, though the identification is not certain. Either way it meant the end of the known world, and it lies almost exactly opposite Nineveh from Joppa. Wikipedia
  • EgyptEgyptA ribbon of irrigated land along the Nile, ending in the Delta where Israel settled in Goshen. Rain-fed Canaan depended on weather; Egypt depended on a river that flooded on schedule, which made it the place everyone went when the harvest failed. Wikipedia
  • Phoeniciacoastal LebanonA narrow strip of coast backed hard against the Lebanon range, with too little farmland to feed itself and excellent harbours. That combination made its cities trade by sea, plant colonies as far as Spain, and supply Israel with timber, craftsmen and Jezebel. Wikipedia

Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com
  • Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
  • Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.

Videos

Isaiah 23 - Bible Study, Explanation, and Application
2BeLikeChrist

Isaiah 21-23 | From Mountain to Valley | Bible Study
Spoken Gospel

Against the Pride of Success - Isaiah 23:9
David Guzik

Articles

  • BibleProject: bibleproject.com On the whole book: the promised king who runs through Isaiah from beginning to end.
  • GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Isaiah -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.

Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.

Reflection

  • The Fall of a Trading Empire (v.1) — News of Tyre's destruction reaches distant ports before anyone can prepare for it. What in your life feels too established to fall, and how would you respond if it did?
  • Whose Merchants Are Princes (v.8) — Tyre was famous for merchants who carried the status of royalty, an entire culture organized around wealth and trade. Whose success do you quietly measure yourself against?
  • Pride Brought Low by Design (v.9) — Isaiah says the LORD of hosts Himself planned Tyre's humiliation, specifically to strip away the pride tied to earthly glory. What accomplishment of yours would be hardest to lose, and what would that reveal about where your pride is rooted?
  • Remembered After Being Forgotten (vv.15-16) — After seventy years of obscurity, Tyre works to be noticed and remembered again, like a singer trying to draw a crowd back. Do you find your worth in being noticed, or in being known by God?
  • Trade Turned Toward God (vv.17-18) — In the end, Tyre's restored wealth isn't hoarded but set apart for the LORD's purposes. Is your income, career, or business ultimately serving God, or serving only itself?