Numbers — Chapter 21

Loading ESV text...

1And when king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south, heard tell that Israel came by the way of the spies; then he fought against Israel, and took some of them prisoners.

2And Israel vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou wilt indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities.

3And the LORD hearkened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities: and he called the name of the place Hormah.

4And they journeyed from mount Hor by the way of the Red sea, to compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way.

5And the people spake against God, and against Moses, Wherefore have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? for there is no bread, neither is there any water; and our soul loatheth this light bread.

6And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died.

7Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the LORD, and against thee; pray unto the LORD, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the people.

8And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live.

9And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.

10And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in Oboth.

11And they journeyed from Oboth, and pitched at Ije-abarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrising.

12From thence they removed, and pitched in the valley of Zared.

13From thence they removed, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, which is in the wilderness that cometh out of the coasts of the Amorites: for Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.

14Wherefore it is said in the book of the wars of the LORD, What he did in the Red sea, and in the brooks of Arnon,

15And at the stream of the brooks that goeth down to the dwelling of Ar, and lieth upon the border of Moab.

16And from thence they went to Beer: that is the well whereof the LORD spake unto Moses, Gather the people together, and I will give them water.

17Then Israel sang this song, Spring up, O well; sing ye unto it:

18The princes digged the well, the nobles of the people digged it, by the direction of the lawgiver, with their staves. And from the wilderness they went to Mattanah:

19And from Mattanah to Nahaliel: and from Nahaliel to Bamoth:

20And from Bamoth in the valley, that is in the country of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looketh toward Jeshimon.

21And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,

22Let me pass through thy land: we will not turn into the fields, or into the vineyards; we will not drink of the waters of the well: but we will go along by the king’s high way, until we be past thy borders.

23And Sihon would not suffer Israel to pass through his border: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness: and he came to Jahaz, and fought against Israel.

24And Israel smote him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from Arnon unto Jabbok, even unto the children of Ammon: for the border of the children of Ammon was strong.

25And Israel took all these cities: and Israel dwelt in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all the villages thereof.

26For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto Arnon.

27Wherefore they that speak in proverbs say, Come into Heshbon, let the city of Sihon be built and prepared:

28For there is a fire gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon: it hath consumed Ar of Moab, and the lords of the high places of Arnon.

29Woe to thee, Moab! thou art undone, O people of Chemosh: he hath given his sons that escaped, and his daughters, into captivity unto Sihon king of the Amorites.

30We have shot at them; Heshbon is perished even unto Dibon, and we have laid them waste even unto Nophah, which reacheth unto Medeba.

31Thus Israel dwelt in the land of the Amorites.

32And Moses sent to spy out Jaazer, and they took the villages thereof, and drove out the Amorites that were there.

33And they turned and went up by the way of Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he, and all his people, to the battle at Edrei.

34And the LORD said unto Moses, Fear him not: for I have delivered him into thy hand, and all his people, and his land; and thou shalt do to him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon.

35So they smote him, and his sons, and all his people, until there was none left him alive: and they possessed his land.

1And the Canaanite, the king of Arad, who dwelt in the South, heard tell that Israel came by the way of Atharim; and he fought against Israel, and took some of them captive.

2And Israel vowed a vow unto Jehovah, and said, If thou wilt indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities.

3And Jehovah hearkened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities: and the name of the place was called Hormah.

4And they journeyed from mount Hor by the way to the Red Sea, to compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way.

5And the people spake against God, and against Moses, Wherefore have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? for there is no bread, and there is no water; and our soul loatheth this light bread.

6And Jehovah sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died.

7And the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, because we have spoken against Jehovah, and against thee; pray unto Jehovah, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the people.

8And Jehovah said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a standard: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he seeth it, shall live.

9And Moses made a serpent of brass, and set it upon the standard: and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked unto the serpent of brass, he lived.

10And the children of Israel journeyed, and encamped in Oboth.

11And they journeyed from Oboth, and encamped at Iyeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrising.

12From thence they journeyed, and encamped in the valley of Zered.

13From thence they journeyed, and encamped on the other side of the Arnon, which is in the wilderness, that cometh out of the border of the Amorites: for the Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.

14Wherefore it is said in the book of the Wars of Jehovah, Vaheb in Suphah, And the valleys of the Arnon,

15And the slope of the valleys That inclineth toward the dwelling of Ar, And leaneth upon the border of Moab.

16And from thence [they journeyed] to Beer: that is the well whereof Jehovah said unto Moses, Gather the people together, and I will give them water.

17Then sang Israel this song: Spring up, O well; sing ye unto it:

18The well, which the princes digged, Which the nobles of the people delved, With the sceptre, [and] with their staves. And from the wilderness [they journeyed] to Mattanah;

19and from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth;

20and from Bamoth to the valley that is in the field of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looketh down upon the desert.

21And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,

22Let me pass through thy land: we will not turn aside into field, or into vineyard; we will not drink of the water of the wells: we will go by the king`s highway, until we have passed thy border.

23And Sihon would not suffer Israel to pass through his border: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness, and came to Jahaz; and he fought against Israel.

24And Israel smote him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from the Arnon unto the Jabbok, even unto the children of Ammon; for the border of the children of Ammon was strong.

25And Israel took all these cities: and Israel dwelt in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all the towns thereof.

26For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto the Arnon.

27Wherefore they that speak in proverbs say, Come ye to Heshbon; Let the city of Sihon be built and established:

28For a fire is gone out of Heshbon, A flame from the city of Sihon: It hath devoured Ar of Moab, The lords of the high places of the Arnon.

29Woe to thee, Moab! Thou art undone, O people of Chemosh: He hath given his sons as fugitives, And his daughters into captivity, Unto Sihon king of the Amorites.

30We have shot at them; Heshbon is perished even unto Dibon, And we have laid waste even unto Nophah, Which [reacheth] unto Medeba.

31Thus Israel dwelt in the land of the Amorites.

32And Moses sent to spy out Jazer; and they took the towns thereof, and drove out the Amorites that were there.

33And they turned and went up by the way of Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.

34And Jehovah said unto Moses, Fear him not: for I have delivered him into thy hand, and all his people, and his land; and thou shalt do to him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwelt at Heshbon.

35So they smote him, and his sons and all his people, until there was none left him remaining: and they possessed his land.

1When the Canaanite king of Arad who lived in the Negev heard that Israel was approaching along the road to Atharim, he fought against Israel and took some of them prisoner.

2So Israel made a vow to the Lord and said, “If you will indeed deliver this people into our hand, then we will utterly destroy their cities.”

3The Lord listened to the voice of Israel and delivered up the Canaanites, and they utterly destroyed them and their cities. So the name of the place was called Hormah.

4Then they traveled from Mount Hor by the road to the Red Sea, to go around the land of Edom, but the people became impatient along the way.

5And the people spoke against God and against Moses, “Why have you brought us up from Egypt to die in the wilderness, for there is no bread or water, and we detest this worthless food.”

6So the Lord sent venomous snakes among the people, and they bit the people; many people of Israel died.

7Then the people came to Moses and said, “We have sinned, for we have spoken against the Lord and against you. Pray to the Lord that he would take away the snakes from us.” So Moses prayed for the people.

8The Lord said to Moses, “Make a poisonous snake and set it on a pole. When anyone who is bitten looks at it, he will live.”

9So Moses made a bronze snake and put it on a pole, so that if a snake had bitten someone, when he looked at the bronze snake he lived.

10The Israelites traveled on and camped in Oboth.

11Then they traveled on from Oboth and camped at Iye Abarim, in the wilderness that is before Moab on the eastern side.

12From there they moved on and camped in the valley of Zered.

13From there they moved on and camped on the other side of the Arnon, in the wilderness that extends from the regions of the Amorites, for Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.

14This is why it is said in the Book of the Wars of the Lord, “Waheb in Suphah and the wadis, the Arnon

15and the slope of the valleys that extends to the dwelling of Ar, and falls off at the border of Moab.”

16And from there they traveled to Beer; that is the well where the Lord spoke to Moses, “Gather the people and I will give them water.”

17Then Israel sang this song: “Spring up, O well, sing to it!

18The well which the princes dug, which the leaders of the people opened with their scepters and their staffs.”And from the wilderness they traveled to Mattanah;

19and from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth;

20and from Bamoth to the valley that is in the country of Moab, near the top of Pisgah, which overlooks the wastelands.

21Then Israel sent messengers to King Sihon of the Amorites, saying,

22“Let us pass through your land; we will not turn aside into the fields or into the vineyards, nor will we drink water from any well, but we will go along the King’s Highway until we pass your borders.”

23But Sihon did not permit Israel to pass through his border; he gathered all his forces together and went out against Israel into the wilderness. When he came to Jahaz, he fought against Israel.

24But the Israelites defeated him in battle and took possession of his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, as far as the Ammonites, for the border of the Ammonites was strongly defended.

25So Israel took all these cities; and Israel settled in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages.

26For Heshbon was the city of King Sihon of the Amorites. Now he had fought against the former king of Moab and had taken all his land from his control, as far as the Arnon.

27That is why those who speak in proverbs say, “Come to Heshbon, let it be built. Let the city of Sihon be established!

28For fire went out from Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has consumed Ar of Moab and the lords of the high places of Arnon.

29Woe to you, Moab. You are ruined, O people of Chemosh! He has made his sons fugitives, and his daughters the prisoners of King Sihon of the Amorites.

30We have overpowered them; Heshbon has perished as far as Dibon. We have shattered them as far as Nophah, which reaches to Medeba.”

31So the Israelites lived in the land of the Amorites.

32Moses sent spies to reconnoiter Jazer, and they captured its villages and dispossessed the Amorites who were there.

33Then they turned and went up by the road to Bashan. And King Og of Bashan and all his forces marched out against them to do battle at Edrei.

34And the Lord said to Moses, “Do not fear him, for I have delivered him and all his people and his land into your hand. You will do to him what you did to King Sihon of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon.”

35So they defeated Og, his sons, and all his people, until there were no survivors, and they possessed his land.

1The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South, heard that Israel came by the way of Atharim. He fought against Israel, and took some of them captive.

2Israel vowed a vow to Yahweh, and said, “If you will indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities.”

3Yahweh listened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities. The name of the place was called Hormah.

4They traveled from Mount Hor by the way to the Red Sea, to go around the land of Edom The soul of the people was very discouraged because of the journey.

5The people spoke against God, and against Moses, “Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no bread, and there is no water; and our soul loathes this disgusting bread.”

6Yahweh sent venomous snakes among the people, and they bit the people. Many people of Israel died.

7The people came to Moses, and said, “We have sinned, because we have spoken against Yahweh, and against you. Pray to Yahweh, that he take away the serpents from us.” Moses prayed for the people.

8Yahweh said to Moses, “Make a venomous snake, and set it on a pole. It shall happen, that everyone who is bitten, when he sees it, shall live.”

9Moses made a serpent of brass, and set it on the pole. If a serpent had bitten any man, when he looked at the serpent of brass, he lived.

10The children of Israel traveled, and encamped in Oboth.

11They traveled from Oboth, and encamped at Iyeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrise.

12From there they traveled, and encamped in the valley of Zered.

13From there they traveled, and encamped on the other side of the Arnon, which is in the wilderness, that comes out of the border of the Amorites: for the Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.

14Therefore it is said in the book of the Wars of Yahweh, “Vaheb in Suphah, the valleys of the Arnon,

15the slope of the valleys that incline toward the dwelling of Ar, leans on the border of Moab.”

16From there they traveled to Beer; that is the well of which Yahweh said to Moses, “Gather the people together, and I will give them water.”

17Then Israel sang this song: “Spring up, well! Sing to it,

18the well, which the princes dug, which the nobles of the people dug, with the scepter, and with their poles.” From the wilderness they traveled to Mattanah;

19and from Mattanah to Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth;

20and from Bamoth to the valley that is in the field of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looks down on the desert.

21Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,

22“Let me pass through your land. We will not turn away into field or vineyard. We will not drink of the water of the wells. We will go by the king’s highway, until we have passed your border.”

23Sihon would not allow Israel to pass through his border, but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness, and came to Jahaz. He fought against Israel.

24Israel struck him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok, even to the children of Ammon; for the border of the children of Ammon was strong.

25Israel took all these cities. Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all its villages.

26For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even to the Arnon.

27Therefore those who speak in proverbs say, “Come to Heshbon. Let the city of Sihon be built and established;

28for a fire has gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon. It has devoured Ar of Moab, The lords of the high places of the Arnon.

29Woe to you, Moab! You are undone, people of Chemosh! He has given his sons as fugitives, and his daughters into captivity, to Sihon king of the Amorites.

30We have shot at them. Heshbon has perished even to Dibon. We have laid waste even to Nophah, Which reaches to Medeba.”

31Thus Israel lived in the land of the Amorites.

32Moses sent to spy out Jazer. They took its villages, and drove out the Amorites who were there.

33They turned and went up by the way of Bashan. Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.

34Yahweh said to Moses, “Don’t fear him, for I have delivered him into your hand, with all his people, and his land. You shall do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived at Heshbon.”

35So they struck him, with his sons and all his people, until there were no survivors; and they possessed his land.

Summary
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
Commentary
Videos
Reflection

Summary

Israel defeats the Canaanites and Amorites; when fiery serpents plague them for complaining, God provides healing through a bronze serpent on a pole.

Authorship & Background

Author: Moses. Numbers is the fourth book of the Pentateuch, written during the wilderness period (approximately 1445-1405 BC). Hebrew title: "Bemidbar" — "In the wilderness." The book records Israel's 38 years of wilderness wandering between Sinai and the Promised Land — a journey that should have taken 11 days (Deuteronomy 1:2) but took 40 years due to unbelief.
Historical Context: Chapter 21 marks a dramatic turning point — Israel begins to conquer. After 38 years of wandering and dying, the new generation starts winning victories. The chapter contains: (1) victory over the king of Arad (vv.1-3), (2) the bronze serpent — one of the most important typological events in the Old Testament, directly referenced by Jesus in John 3:14-15 (vv.4-9), (3) the journey through Transjordan with songs and stations (vv.10-20), and (4) decisive victories over Sihon king of the Amorites and Og king of Bashan (vv.21-35). The chapter moves from complaint and judgment (the serpents) to faith and victory (the conquests). The bronze serpent episode is pivotal: God sends fiery serpents as judgment for complaining; the people repent; God provides healing through looking at a bronze serpent on a pole. Jesus explicitly identifies this as a type of His crucifixion: "As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up: that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have eternal life" (John 3:14-15).
Victory over Arad (vv.1-3): The Canaanite king of Arad attacks Israel and takes captives (v.1). Israel vows to the LORD: if You deliver them, we will devote their cities to destruction (v.2). God hears; Israel conquers; the place is named Hormah — "destruction/devotion" (v.3). Note: this is the same Hormah where Israel was defeated in their presumptuous attack (14:45). What failed in presumption succeeds in faith. Same place, different outcome — because now God is with them.
The Bronze Serpent (vv.4-9): Traveling around Edom, "the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way" (v.4). They speak against God and Moses: "Wherefore have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness?" and "our soul loatheth this light bread [manna]" (v.5). God sends "fiery serpents" — venomous snakes whose bite burns like fire (v.6). Many die (v.6). The people confess: "We have sinned" (v.7) and ask Moses to pray. God's remedy: "Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live" (v.8). Moses makes a bronze serpent on a pole; whoever looks at it lives (v.9). The cure is not removal of the serpents but provision of a remedy. The remedy requires only one thing: looking — an act of faith.
Journey and Song (vv.10-20): Israel travels through various stations toward Moab (vv.10-13). A quotation from "the Book of the Wars of the LORD" (v.14) — a lost historical record. At Beer ("well"), God gives water and Israel sings: "Spring up, O well; sing ye unto it" (v.17). The princes dig the well "by the direction of the lawgiver, with their staves" (v.18). A song of joy — contrast with the complaining of v.5. When faith replaces grumbling, songs replace serpents.
Victory over Sihon (vv.21-31): Israel requests peaceful passage through Amorite territory (vv.21-22) — the same request made to Edom. Sihon refuses and attacks (v.23). Israel defeats him and takes his land from the Arnon to the Jabbok (v.24). They settle in Heshbon and its villages (v.25). An ancient ballad celebrates Sihon's earlier conquest of Moab (vv.27-30) — now Israel has conquered the conqueror.
Victory over Og (vv.33-35): Og king of Bashan comes out to fight (v.33). God says: "Fear him not: for I have delivered him into thy hand" (v.34). Israel defeats Og completely — "until there was none left him alive" (v.35). They possess his land. Og was a giant (Deuteronomy 3:11 — his bed was 13 feet long). The generation that feared giants (chapter 13) is dead; the new generation defeats them.

Map & Geography

  • From Mount Hor, Israel goes "by the way of the Red Sea, to compass the land of Edom" (v.4) — a long detour south and east around Edom.
  • The Negev: King Arad attacks at the way of Atharim (v.1); Israel defeats him and names the place Hormah ("destruction").
  • The bronze serpent incident occurs on the route around Edom (v.9).
  • Transjordan: Israel defeats Sihon king of the Amorites (Heshbon) and Og king of Bashan — conquering territory east of the Jordan from the Arnon to Mount Hermon.

Commentary

  • Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes the bronze serpent as one of the clearest Old Testament pictures of the gospel: the serpent (representing sin/curse) is lifted up, and those who look in faith are healed. He notes that the cure is not the removal of the serpents but the provision of a remedy — just as Christ does not remove us from a sinful world but provides salvation within it.
  • Charles Spurgeon: "Look and live! That is the gospel in four words. The dying Israelite did not need to understand metallurgy, or the nature of serpent venom, or the physics of healing. He needed only to look. And the look was not a work — it was the simplest possible act of faith. A dying man can look. A child can look. A sinner with no strength left can look. 'Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth' (Isaiah 45:22). Christ is lifted up on the cross — the serpent on the pole. Look to Him and live. Do not look to yourself — you are bitten. Do not look to Moses — he cannot save. Look to the One lifted up, and you shall live."

Reflection

  • 1. "Look and live" (vv.8-9). The bronze serpent is the gospel in miniature. The dying need only look — not work, not earn, not understand fully. Just look to the One lifted up. Jesus says this IS the gospel (John 3:14-15). Have you looked? Are you still looking?
  • 2. The serpent on the pole (v.8). God's remedy takes the form of the very thing that is killing them. Christ was "made sin" (2 Corinthians 5:21) — He took the form of our curse to become our cure. The cross looks like defeat but is actually the instrument of salvation.
  • 3. Same place, different outcome (v.3 vs. 14:45). Hormah was the site of Israel's humiliating defeat when they went without God. Now it becomes the site of victory when they go with God. Your past failures do not determine your future — if God is now with you, the same ground can become a place of triumph.
  • 4. "Our soul loatheth this light bread" (v.5). Forty years later, still despising the manna. Ingratitude is persistent and generational. Do you still complain about God's faithful provision because it is not exciting enough? The manna sustained them for 40 years — and they called it worthless.
  • 5. "Fear him not" (v.34). Og was a giant — but God had already delivered him. The new generation faces the same kind of enemies their parents feared (giants, fortified cities) — but they trust God and conquer. What giants are you facing that God has already delivered into your hand?
  • 6. Songs replace serpents (v.17). When Israel complains, serpents come. When Israel trusts, songs come. The posture of your heart determines your experience. Gratitude and faith produce joy; complaining and unbelief produce judgment.