Numbers — Chapter 25
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1While Israel was staying in Shittim, the men began to indulge in sexual immorality with the daughters of Moab,
2who also invited them to the sacrifices for their gods. And the people ate and bowed down to these gods.
3So Israel joined in worshiping Baal of Peor, and the anger of the LORD burned against them.
4Then the LORD said to Moses, “Take all the leaders of the people and execute them in broad daylight before the LORD, so that His fierce anger may turn away from Israel.”
5So Moses told the judges of Israel, “Each of you must kill all of his men who have joined in worshiping Baal of Peor.”
6Just then an Israelite man brought to his family a Midianite woman in the sight of Moses and the whole congregation of Israel while they were weeping at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting.
7On seeing this, Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, got up from the assembly, took a spear in his hand,
8followed the Israelite into the tent, and drove the spear through both of them—through the Israelite and on through the belly of the woman. So the plague against the Israelites was halted,
9but those who died in the plague numbered 24,000.
10Then the LORD said to Moses,
11“Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned My wrath away from the Israelites; for he was zealous for My sake among them, so that I did not consume the Israelites in My zeal.
12Declare, therefore, that I am granting him My covenant of peace.
13It will be a covenant of permanent priesthood for him and his descendants, because he was zealous for his God and made atonement for the Israelites.”
14The name of the Israelite who was slain with the Midianite woman was Zimri son of Salu, the leader of a Simeonite family.
15And the name of the slain Midianite woman was Cozbi, the daughter of Zur, a tribal chief of a Midianite family.
16And the LORD said to Moses,
17“Attack the Midianites and strike them dead.
18For they assailed you deceitfully when they seduced you in the matter of Peor and their sister Cozbi, the daughter of the Midianite leader, the woman who was killed on the day the plague came because of Peor.”
1And Israel abode in Shittim, and the people began to commit whoredom with the daughters of Moab.
2And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods.
3And Israel joined himself unto Baal-peor: and the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel.
4And the LORD said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people, and hang them up before the LORD against the sun, that the fierce anger of the LORD may be turned away from Israel.
5And Moses said unto the judges of Israel, Slay ye every one his men that were joined unto Baal-peor.
6And, behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought unto his brethren a Midianitish woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, who were weeping before the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
7And when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from among the congregation, and took a javelin in his hand;
8And he went after the man of Israel into the tent, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly. So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel.
9And those that died in the plague were twenty and four thousand.
10And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
11Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for my sake among them, that I consumed not the children of Israel in my jealousy.
12Wherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace:
13And he shall have it, and his seed after him, even the covenant of an everlasting priesthood; because he was zealous for his God, and made an atonement for the children of Israel.
14Now the name of the Israelite that was slain, even that was slain with the Midianitish woman, was Zimri, the son of Salu, a prince of a chief house among the Simeonites.
15And the name of the Midianitish woman that was slain was Cozbi, the daughter of Zur; he was head over a people, and of a chief house in Midian.
16And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,
17Vex the Midianites, and smite them:
18For they vex you with their wiles, wherewith they have beguiled you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of a prince of Midian, their sister, which was slain in the day of the plague for Peor’s sake.
1And Israel abode in Shittim; and the people began to play the harlot with the daughters of Moab:
2for they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods; and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods.
3And Israel joined himself unto Baal-peor: and the anger of Jehovah was kindled against Israel.
4And Jehovah said unto Moses, Take all the chiefs of the people, and hang them up unto Jehovah before the sun, that the fierce anger of Jehovah may turn away from Israel.
5And Moses said unto the judges of Israel, Slay ye every one his men that have joined themselves unto Baal-peor.
6And, behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought unto his brethren a Midianitish woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, while they were weeping at the door of the tent of meeting.
7And when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from the midst of the congregation, and took a spear in his hand;
8and he went after the man of Israel into the pavilion, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her body. So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel.
9And those that died by the plague were twenty and four thousand.
10And Jehovah spake unto Moses, saying,
11Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, in that he was jealous with my jealousy among them, so that I consumed not the children of Israel in my jealousy.
12Wherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace:
13and it shall be unto him, and to his seed after him, the covenant of an everlasting priesthood; because he was jealous for his God, and made atonement for the children of Israel.
14Now the name of the man of Israel that was slain, who was slain with the Midianitish woman, was Zimri, the son of Salu, a prince of a fathers` house among the Simeonites.
15And the name of the Midianitish woman that was slain was Cozbi, the daughter of Zur; he was head of the people of a fathers` house in Midian.
16And Jehovah spake unto Moses, saying,
17Vex the Midianites, and smite them;
18for they vex you with their wiles, wherewith they have beguiled you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of the prince of Midian, their sister, who was slain on the day of the plague in the matter of Peor.
1When Israel lived in Shittim, the people began to commit sexual immorality with the daughters of Moab.
2These women invited the people to the sacrifices of their gods; then the people ate and bowed down to their gods.
3When Israel joined themselves to Baal Peor, the anger of the Lord flared up against Israel.
4The Lord said to Moses, “Arrest all the leaders of the people, and hang them up before the Lord in broad daylight, so that the fierce anger of the Lord may be turned away from Israel.”
5So Moses said to the judges of Israel, “Each of you must execute those of his men who were joined to Baal Peor.”
6Just then one of the Israelites came and brought to his brothers a Midianite woman in the plain view of Moses and of the whole community of the Israelites, while they were weeping at the entrance of the tent of meeting.
7When Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he got up from among the assembly, took a javelin in his hand,
8and went after the Israelite man into the tent and thrust through the Israelite man and into the woman’s abdomen. So the plague was stopped from the Israelites.
9Those that died in the plague were 24,000.
10The Lord spoke to Moses:
11“Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my anger away from the Israelites, when he manifested such zeal for my sake among them, so that I did not consume the Israelites in my zeal.
12Therefore, announce: ‘I am going to give to him my covenant of peace.
13So it will be to him and his descendants after him a covenant of a permanent priesthood, because he has been zealous for his God, and has made atonement for the Israelites.’”
14Now the name of the Israelite who was stabbed—the one who was stabbed with the Midianite woman—was Zimri son of Salu, a leader of a clan of the Simeonites.
15The name of the Midianite woman who was killed was Cozbi daughter of Zur. He was a leader over the people of a clan of Midian.
16Then the Lord spoke to Moses:
17“Bring trouble to the Midianites, and destroy them,
18because they bring trouble to you by their treachery with which they have deceived you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of a prince of Midian, their sister, who was killed on the day of the plague that happened as a result of Peor.”
1Israel stayed in Shittim; and the people began to play the prostitute with the daughters of Moab;
2for they called the people to the sacrifices of their gods. The people ate and bowed down to their gods.
3Israel joined himself to Baal Peor. Yahweh’s anger burned against Israel.
4Yahweh said to Moses, “Take all the chiefs of the people, and hang them up to Yahweh before the sun, that the fierce anger of Yahweh may turn away from Israel.”
5Moses said to the judges of Israel, “Everyone kill his men who have joined themselves to Baal Peor.”
6Behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought to his brothers a Midianite woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, while they were weeping at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
7When Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from the middle of the congregation, and took a spear in his hand.
8He went after the man of Israel into the pavilion, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her body. So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel.
9Those who died by the plague were twenty-four thousand.
10Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
11“Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, has turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, in that he was jealous with my jealousy among them, so that I didn’t consume the children of Israel in my jealousy.
12Therefore say, ‘Behold, I give to him my covenant of peace.
13It shall be to him, and to his offspring after him, the covenant of an everlasting priesthood, because he was jealous for his God, and made atonement for the children of Israel.’”
14Now the name of the man of Israel that was slain, who was slain with the Midianite woman, was Zimri, the son of Salu, a prince of a fathers’ house among the Simeonites.
15The name of the Midianite woman who was slain was Cozbi, the daughter of Zur. He was head of the people of a fathers’ house in Midian.
16Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
17“Harass the Midianites, and strike them,
18for they harassed you with their wiles, wherein they have deceived you in the matter of Peor, and in the incident regarding Cozbi, the daughter of the prince of Midian, their sister, who was slain on the day of the plague in the matter of Peor.”
Summary
While camped at Shittim, Israelite men begin relationships with Moabite women and are drawn into worshiping their gods, provoking the Lord's anger and a plague against the people (vv. 1-3, 9). God commands that the leaders of the offenders be executed, and as Moses and the community weep at the entrance of the tent, an Israelite man brazenly brings a Midianite woman into his tent in full view of everyone (vv. 4-6). Phinehas, grandson of Aaron, follows them and kills both with a spear, an act of zeal that stops the plague, which had already killed 24,000 people (vv. 7-9). Because of his zeal for God's honor, the Lord grants Phinehas and his descendants a covenant of lasting priesthood (vv. 10-13).
Authorship & Background
Map & Geography
- Shittim / Plains of Moab (v.1): "Abel-shittim" — Israel is camped here when they sin with the Moabite women and worship Baal-peor.
- Baal-peor: A local shrine/deity near Israel's camp on the plains of Moab, east of the Jordan.
Places on this map
- Moabwest-central JordanThe plateau east of the Dead Sea, cut off from Israel by the rift valley and from Ammon by the Arnon gorge. High enough to farm grain, which is why Naomi's family went there in a famine. Wikipedia
- Jordan RiverIsrael / Jordan borderRuns about 65 miles as the crow flies from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, dropping from 700 to 1,400 feet below sea level. Narrow enough to wade at most fords, it was still the boundary that divided wilderness from inheritance. Wikipedia
Towns sit on their excavated or traditional site. Regions, rivers and seas are ringed rather than dotted, because for those a single point is only an anchor. Coastlines from Natural Earth.
Commentary
- Enduring Word (David Guzik): enduringword.com Guzik emphasizes that Balaam's strategy succeeded where his curses failed. Satan's most effective weapon against God's people is not persecution but seduction. He notes that Phinehas' act was not vigilante justice but righteous execution of God's already-declared sentence (v.4-5).
- Jamieson-Fausset-Brown (1871): blueletterbible.org A critical and explanatory commentary on the whole Bible, more concise than Matthew Henry and closer to the Hebrew and Greek, with attention to historical and geographical detail. Public domain.
- Matthew Henry's Exposition (1710): blueletterbible.org A devotional verse-by-verse commentary in the Puritan tradition, still among the most widely read three centuries on. Public domain.
Videos
Articles
- BibleProject: bibleproject.com On the whole book: what the census lists and wilderness years are doing in Scripture.
- GotQuestions.org: gotquestions.org On the whole book: an overview of the book of Numbers -- who wrote it, when, why, and how it fits the rest of Scripture.
Links open on the publisher's own site. Nothing here is reproduced on this page.
Reflection
- Seduction Succeeds Where Curses Failed (vv.1-3) — Israel withstood Balaam's attempted curses but falls to the invitation of Moabite women into idolatry. What invitations from the world might be more dangerous to your faith right now than outright opposition?
- Brazen Sin in Plain Sight (v.6) — While the rest of the community is weeping in repentance, one man parades his sin openly before everyone, including Moses. Do you still grieve over sin, or have you grown comfortable enough with it to stop noticing?
- Decisive Action in a Moment of Crisis (v.8) — Phinehas doesn't wait for deliberation; he sees the danger and acts immediately to stop it. Is there a situation right now where faithfulness requires you to act decisively rather than keep deliberating?
- A Jealousy That Will Not Share (v.11) — God describes His response to Israel's unfaithfulness as a jealousy that mirrors His own zeal for His people's devotion. Do you share God's jealousy for His glory, or are you tolerant of things that clearly offend Him?
- Peace Purchased Through Atonement (vv.12-13) — God rewards Phinehas' righteous judgment against sin with a covenant of peace, foreshadowing how true peace comes only through dealing decisively with guilt. Where in your life do you need to stop avoiding conflict with sin and instead pursue the peace that comes from confronting it?